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biology > 2.1.6: cell division > Flashcards

2.1.6: cell division Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the cell cycle?

A

a highly ordered sequence of events, resulting in the division of cells and the formation of 2 genetically identical daughter cells

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2
Q

what happens during the mitotic phase and the interphase?

A
  • mitotic = mitosis
  • interphase = g1, synthesis and g2
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3
Q

what happens at the growth one phase of the cell cycle?

A

proteins from which the organelles are synthesised are produced and organelles replicate. the cell increases in size

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4
Q

what happens during the synthesis phase of the cell cycle?

A

dna is replicated in the nucleus

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5
Q

what happens during the growth two phase of the cell cycle?

A

the cell continues to increase in size, energy stores are increased and the duplicated dna is checked for errors

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6
Q

what is the g0 phase?

A

given to the phase when the cell leaves the cycle either temporarily or permanently, due to damages cells and many sensecent cells that could cause damage/harm to the body

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7
Q

where is the g1 checkpoint and what does it check for?

A
  • at the end of the g1 phase before entering synthesis
  • cell size, nutrients, growth factors and dna damage
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8
Q

where is the g2 checkpoint and what does it check for?

A
  • at the end of the growth two phase before the start of the mitotic phase
  • checks for any errors in the dna and if it is the correct size
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9
Q

where is the metaphase checkpoint and what does it check?

A
  • point in mitosis where all the chromosomes should be attached to the spindle and have aligned
  • that the chromosomes are assembled correctly
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10
Q

what are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

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11
Q

what happens during mitosis?

A

1) prophase - chromosomes condense and become visible in the nucleus. nucleolus disappears and the nuclear membrane begins to break down. a pair of centrioles move to either side of the cell. spindle fibres move chromosomes toward the centre of the cell
2) metaphase - spindle apparatus are completely formed and chromosomes are lined up in the centre
3) anaphase - centromeres divide into two and spindle fires begin to shorten. this pulls the sister chromatids towards the opposite poles
4) telophase - nuclear membrane reforms. chromosomes uncoil back to their chromatin state and the nucleolus reappears in each nucleus

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12
Q

what are homologous chromosomes?

A

chromosome pairs that are the same length, have the same centromere position and have the same genes

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13
Q

what are the 8 stages of meiosis?

A

prophase one, metaphase one, anaphase one, telophase one, prophase two, metaphase two, anaphase two, telophase two and cytokinesis

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14
Q

what happens during meiosis?

A

1) prophase 1 - chromosomes condense and thicken to become visible. homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing can occur (swapping genetic information)
2) metaphase 1 - homologous chromosomes line up on the equator of the spindle fibres (independent assortment of homologous chromosomes - pairs are randomly lined up at the equator)
3) anaphase 1 - spindle fibres contract and chromosome pairs are separated
4) telophase 1 - chromosomes arrive at the opposite poles of the cell to form 2 daughter cells
5) prophase 2 - chromosomes in each daughter cell prepare to migrate to spindle fibres
6) metaphase 2 - the chromosomes at each pole of the cell line up along the spindle fibres (chromatids are randomly moving)
7) anaphase 2 - spindle fibres contract and sister chromatids are pulled towards the opposite poles
8) telophase 2 - chromatids arrive at opposite poles to form 4 daughter cells

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15
Q

why does mitosis occur?

A

the development of embryos and replacing damaged cells

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16
Q

what is meant by a differentiated cell?

A

it is specialised to carry out a very specific function

17
Q

what is an erythocyte and how is it specialised?

A

> red blood cells that transport oxygen around the body
- biconcave shape gives a higher surface area to volume ratio
- there is no nucleus so there is more space
- it is flexible so it can fit through capillaries

18
Q

what is a neutrophilis and how is it adapted?

A

> type of white blood cell in the immune systems
- multi-lobed nucleus which allows it to squeeze through small gaps
- many lysosomes that contain enzymes to attack pathogens

19
Q

what are sperm cells and how is it adapted?

A

> male gametes that deliver genetic information to the female gamete
- has a tail for movement
- a lot of mitochondria for energy to swim
- digestive enzymes are released to digest the layers of the ovum

20
Q

what is a palisade cell and how is it adapted?

A

> where photosynthesis takes place
- has a lot of chloroplasts to absorb a lot of light
- it is rectangular so it is closely packed
- has large vacuoles to maintain turgor pressure
- chloroplasts move to make sure more light is absorbed

21
Q

what is a root hair cell and how is it adapted?

A

> on the surfaces of roots to take up water and - minerals from the soil to the plant
have long extensions to increase the surface area
- increases the amount of water and minerals absorbed

22
Q

what is a guard cell and how is it adapted?

A

> control the size of the stomata to prevent water loss and intake carbon dioxide
- the cell walls are thicker on one side so it doesn’t change shape symmetrically as its volume changes

23
Q

what is squamous epithelium tissue and how is it adapted?

A

> allows diffusion of oxygen into the blood from the lungs
- one cell thick, meaning faster and easier diffusion

24
Q

what is the ciliated epithelium tissue and how is it adapted?

A

> lines the trachea to prevent particles and pathogens into the respiratory
- hair-like structures means they move in a rhythmic pattern

25
Q

what is cartilage tissue and how is it adapted?

A

> prevents bones rubbing together and causing damage
- contains fibres of proteins elastin and collagen meaning it is firm but flexible

26
Q

what is muscle tissue and how is it adapted?

A

> contracts and relaxes to control movement
- contains microfibrils which are contractive proteins

27
Q

what is xylem tissue and how is it adapted?

A

> transports water and minerals throughout plants
- cell walls have lignin which ensures it is strengthened and there is structural support for plants

28
Q

what is phloem tissue and how is it adapted?

A

> transports organic materials/nutrients
- has columns of sieve tubes

29
Q

what are stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells that don’t have a specific role

30
Q

what is meant by stem cell potency?

A

the stem cell’s ability to differentiate into different types of cells. the greater the number of cells types it can differentiate into, the higher the potency

31
Q

what type of cells can totipotent cells differentiate into?

A

any type of cell: a fertilised egg or zygote, the 8 or 16 cells from the first few mitotic divisions which are destined to produce a whole organism and into extra-embryonic tissues

32
Q

what type of cells can pluripotent cells turn into?

A

form all tissue types but not whole organisms, present in early embryos and are the origin of the different types of tissues within organisms

33
Q

what types of cells can multipotent cells turn into?

A

only form a range of cells within a certain type of tissue, for example haematopoetic stem cells in bone marrow

34
Q

where are stem cells found in animal and plant cells?

A
  • animals = embryos and bone marrow
  • plants = meristematic tissue
35
Q

what are the potential uses of stem cells in research and medicine?

A
  • repairs damaged tissues, birth defects and spinal injuries
  • treatment of neurological conditions like alzheimers disease and parkinsons disease
  • research into developmental biology (study of changes that occur as a multicellular organisms grow and develop and why things could go wrong)
  • drug trials (tested on cultures)
36
Q

what are the ethic behind stem cells?

A

many people believe life begins at contraception and therefore destroying embryos could be seen as destroying a potential life

37
Q

what do you need to add when drawing a microscope drawing?

A
  • labels
  • scale bar
  • smooth lines
  • sharp pencil
  • accurate
  • title
  • proportional
  • fills the space
  • add annotations
  • the magnification

biology (10 decks)

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