2.1.3 Changes Over Time in the Economic Charateristics of a Place Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four sectors of the economy?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary

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2
Q

What is the Primary sector?

A

The part of the economy concerned with the collection and use of natural resources.

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3
Q

What is the Secondary sector?

A

The manufacturing or industrial sector- the part that processes resources into goods people want.

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4
Q

What is the tertiary sector?

A

The sector that enables goods to be traded, sometimes called producer services.- includes wholesaling, retailing, banking, finance, entertainment etc

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5
Q

What is the Quaternary sector?

A

Research and development, and the knowledge economy, including IT, education and the process of information.

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6
Q

What is the Clarke-Fisher model?

A

A model to show the changing balance of employment over time

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7
Q

In some versions of the Clarke Fisher model there are different stages. What are they?

A

Pre industrial phase
Industrial Phase
Post industrial Phase

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8
Q

Explain what occurred in Britain in the pre industrial phase in the Clarke Fisher model?

A

Primary sector lead the economy and employed 2/3 of the population. Agriculture the most important activity.

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9
Q

Explain what occurred in Britain in the industrial phase in the Clarke Fisher model?

A

Secondary and tertiary sectors increase in importance. Primary sector declines. Secondary sector peaks during this phase but rarely provided jobs for half the workforce.

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10
Q

Explain what occurred in Britain in the post industrial phase in the Clarke Fisher model?

A

Tertiary sector becomes most important. Primary and secondary continue to decline. Quaternary sector begins to appear.

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11
Q

What are the faults of the Clarke Fisher model?

A

It may not work in the same way for developing countries which may bypass some of the model.

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12
Q

What is GNI?

A

Gross National Income is the total value of goods and services produced within a country (Gross Domestic Product) plus net income received from overseas.

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13
Q

Why did the primary sector decline after the post industrial phase?

A

Mechanisation
Exhaustion of resources
High cost of production in HIC’s vs low cost in LIC’s
Cheap imports because of lower: Safety standards / wages
Cheaper transport costs in larger modern vessels

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14
Q

What changes took place in the secondary sector and why?

A

Initially rises – industrialisation
Falls - High cost of production in HIC’s vs low cost in LIC’s
Cheap imports because of lower: Safety standards / wages
Cheaper transport costs in larger modern vessels

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15
Q

Why did the tertiary sector grow in the post industrial phase?

A

Urban dwellers need more services
Growth of wealth in cities sees growth of leisure sector
Increased wealth so growth of banking sector

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16
Q

Explain why some primary jobs such as mining declined because it is cheaper to import raw materials from overseas?

A

Some HIC’s such as Britain have Human Rights laws to adhere to so primary jobs would cost more to carry out because of the extra precaution and safety equipment needed for health and safety.
Some HIC,s such as Britain have mined a lot of resources in the industrial period in accessible areas so would cost more to build under cities for example.

17
Q

Explain why it is cheaper to import secondary goods from LIC’s?

A

Because they have more plentiful labour and have lower working costs

18
Q

How did mechanisation decline some primary industries such as farming in HIC’s?

A

Tractors meant the number of workers needed on farms was reduced.

19
Q

How did the increased ease of transport and containerisation decline secondary industries in HIC’s?

A

Ease of transport from countries such as China allows quick and cheap transportation of goods. Containerisation also allows a large amount of good to be transported at once.

20
Q

What is post-productionism?

A

Changes in agricultural policy and practice shifting emphasis away from maximum yields and to a more sustainable agriculture.

21
Q

What is farm diversification? And what percentage of farm income now comes from it.

A

Setting up by farmers of new, sometime non-agricultural enterprises to increase farm incomes. In the UK an estimated 40% of farm income now comes from diversification.

22
Q

What is suburbanisation?

A

The outward growth of urban development which may engulf surrounding villages and towns into a larger urban agglomeration.

23
Q

What is decentralisation?

A

Decentralisation is the process of redistributing or dispersing functions, powers, people or things away from a central location.

24
Q

What is mechanisation?

A

Mechanisation is the process of changing from working largely or exclusively by hand or with animals to doing that work with machinery.

25
Q

What is deindustrialisation?

A

The reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region or economy.

26
Q

What are the social, economic, environmental and political causes of change in the economic sectors of urban areas?

A

social-suburbanisation
Economic-deindustrialisation, containerisation, new technology, decentralisation
Environmental- Decentralisation
Political- Privatisation, WW2