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Biology > 2.1.2 Lipids > Flashcards

2.1.2 Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

3 categories of lipids

A

Phospholipids, triglycerides, sterols

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2
Q

6 functions of lipids

A

Thermal insulation, electrical insulation, respiration, membranes, protection, Energy storage

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3
Q

Lipid structure

A

Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen Oxygen
- Phospholipids also contain Phosphor
Do not dissolve in water as non polar
Dissolve in organic solvents

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4
Q

Functions of Triglycerides

A
  • Energy storage (respired to release ATP 2x as much as carbs)
  • making membrane lipids
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5
Q

Structure of triglycerides

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid side chains

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6
Q

What is glycerol

A

An alcohol

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7
Q

What are fatty acids

A

A carboxylic acid - carboxylate group with an OH group attached

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8
Q

How do fatty acid chain differ

A

Can have varying lengths
- Essential/ Non essential
- Saturated/ Unsaturated (C=C bond causes kinks in the chain)
- Number of double bonds

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9
Q

What is similar in all triglycerides

A

All have COOH at the end and methyl group CH3 at the other end

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10
Q

Why are oils liquid

A

Triglycerides containing unsaturated fatty acids can pack less tightly making them liquid at room temp

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11
Q

Where are oils found and what is their benefit?

A

Mainly found in plants and they are more healthy to eat

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12
Q

Why are triglycerides insoluble in water

A

Methyl group is hydrophobic and charges distributed evenly so hydrogen bonds cannot form

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13
Q

How are triglycerides broken down

A

Hydrolysis

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14
Q

How are the products of hydrolysing triglycerides broken down

A

Photosynthesis breaks them down into water and CO2

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15
Q

What is metabolic water

A

The water produced in respiration of lipids (much more than carbs)

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16
Q

What is excess triglyceride stored as

A

Adipose tissue

17
Q

What is an ester bond

A
  • formed when an organic acid joins to an alcohol by a condensation reaction (When fatty acid joins to glycerol)
  • OH groups interact
  • 3 water molecules removed
18
Q

How can ester bonds be broken

A

By adding the enzyme lipase

19
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid

A

A glycerol molecule with 2 fatty acid side chains and a phosphate group (modified triglyceride)

20
Q

What unusual properties does a phospholipid have

A

Length allows phosphate head and fatty acid tails to differ in solubility
- Phosphate head is charged and so interacts with water molecules
- hydrophobic tails do not interact with water

21
Q

What happens if phosphate tails are kinked

A

Kinks are important to allow ions and molecules through membranes
- In winter lots of kinks are needed so that the membrane remains fluid

22
Q

Phosphate groups can have what attached?

A

Different chemical groups

23
Q

What is the purpose of phospholipids

A
  • To create membrane bilayers
  • To change membrane fluidity
  • Act as surfactants on lining of alveoli
24
Q

How do surfactants form

A

Form a layer on surface of water as tails stick out of water as are hydrophobic but hydrophilic heads interact which are found lining the alveoli

25
Q

What is a sterol

A

Based on a complex alcohol with a 4 carbon ring structure with OH attached to one end
- Little in common with fas and oils - also known as steroid alcohols

26
Q

Structure of sterols

A

Hydrophobic carbon end and Hydrophilic OH end

27
Q

Examples of Sterols

A

testosterone, Oestrogen, Progesterone

28
Q

Where is cholesterol made

A

Liver calls and intestines - transported in the blood

29
Q

Cholesterol Function in body

A

Vital role in membranes as prevents them from becoming too fluid - binds to phospholipids
Also prevents fatty acids getting too close together and crystallising keeping membrane fluid enough to function

30
Q

Structure of Cholesterol and why is this important?

A
  • Small narrow structure allows cholesterol to sit between phospholipid tails in membranes with the OH hydrophilic groups between the heads
31
Q

What vitamin is made from Cholesterol and why is this important

A

Vitamin D - promotes bodies absorption of calcium essential to healthy bones and teeth

32
Q

What happens without This vitamin D

A

Leads to. Condition called rickets - prevent by getting more sun

33
Q

What is bile made from

A

Cholesterol

34
Q

Test for lipids

A

Ethanol and water added and shaken - while emulsion forms

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