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Biology 2 > 2.1.2 Biological molecules > Flashcards

2.1.2 Biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What chemical elements make up carbohydrates

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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2
Q

What chemical elements make up lipids

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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3
Q

What chemical elements make up proteins

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur

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4
Q

What chemical elements make up nucleic acid

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus

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5
Q

Example of a hexose monosaccharide

A

glucose

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6
Q

Example of a pentose monosaccharide

A

ribose

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7
Q

Properties of monosaccharides

A
  • sweet
  • soluble
  • forms crystals
  • hydrophilic
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8
Q

Glucose + glucose

A

maltose

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9
Q

Glucose + fructose

A

sucrose

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10
Q

Glucose + galactose

A

lactose

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11
Q

What bond is formed from two monosaccharides

A

glycosidic bond formed by condensation polymerisation

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12
Q

Function / structure of starch

A

storage carbohydrate in plants
- made from alpha glucose
- insoluble

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13
Q

What is amylose

A

straight chains of glucose
(1 - 4) glycosidic bonds

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14
Q

What is amylopectin

A

branched starch
(1-4) and (1-6) glycosidic bonds

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15
Q

Function / structure of glycogen

A

storage carbohydrate in animals (muscles + liver)
- alpha glucose
heavily branched
(1-4) and (1-6) glycosidic bonds

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16
Q

Function / structure of cellulose

A

structural polysaccharides in plants
- beta glucose
- no branching
- forms microfibrils

17
Q

How is cellulose bonded

A

every other beta glucose is inverted to form glycosidic bonds between the hydroxyl groups

18
Q

What groups do amino acids have

A
  • amine group
  • carboxylic group
  • r group
19
Q

What bond forms between amino acids

A

peptide bond
formed through a condensation reaction

19
Q

What are prosthetic groups

A

non protein parts in proteins
e.g iron in haemoglobin

20
Q

Properties of globular proteins

A

compact globe structure
hydrophobic R-groups face inwards and hydrophilic R- groups on the outside
- makes them soluble in water

21
Q

Properties of fibrous proteins

A

form fibres
regular repetitive sequences of amino acids
usually insoluble

22
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein

A

the sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

23
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein

A

polypeptides which are either folded to form a beta pleated sheet
or twisted to form an alpha helix
shape is maintained by hydrogen bonds

24
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein

A

a complex 3d shape achieved by twisting and folding
R-groups can form bonds with other R-groups
- ionic
- covalent
- disulfide
- hydrogen bonds
- hydrophilic / hydrophobic interaction

25
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein

A

when a protein is made of more than one polypeptide subunit (unusual)
- haemoglobin and antibodies (4 polypeptides)
- collagen (3 polypeptides)

26
Q

What is a lipid

A

a chemical that dissolves in organic solvents such as alcohol, but not in water (insoluble)
macromolecules - not polymers
- triglycerides
- phospholipids
- steroids

27
Q

What is a triglyceride made of

A

one molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

28
Q

Uses of triglycerides

A
  • source of energy in respiration
  • insulation
  • buoyancy
29
Q

How do triglycerides bond

A

the hydroxyl group of the glycerol reacts with the carboxylic acid group of the fatty acid to form an ester bond through a condensation reaction

30
Q

What is a phospholipid made of

A

a phosphate group
glycerol
two fatty acid tails
- even number of carbon atoms each (16 or 18), one saturated and one unsaturated

31
Q

How does the composition of the phospholipid contribute to the fluidity of the cell membrane

A

mainly saturated FA tails - membrane will be less fluid
mainly unsaturated FA tails - membrane will be more fluid

32
Q

What is the structure of a steroid hormone (cholesterol etc)

A

4 carbon-based ring structures
hydroxyl group at one end (polar and hydrophilic)
rest of the molecule is nonpolar and hydrophobic

33
Q

What are the main functions of cholesterol

A
  • makes up steroid hormones and vitamin D
  • prevents phospholipids solidifying at low temps and being to fluid at high temps
  • gives mechanical stability as it restricts the movements of the phospholipids (decreases fluidity)
34
Q

Properties of water

A
  • universal solvent
  • liquid
  • cohesion
  • freezing
  • thermal stability (high specific heat capacity)
35
Q

What is the importance of water being a liquid at room temperature

A

acts as a liquid transport medium
- blood in animals
- used in plant transport systems

36
Q

What is the importance of water being cohesive

A

gives water high surface tension - used by small organisms as habitat
used in xylem to make a transpiration stream

37
Q

What is the importance of water being thermally stable

A

oceans provide a stable habitat for animals (requires huge amounts of energy to increase the temperature)
evaporation is used by many land based organisms as a cooling mechanism

38
Q

Why is water considered to be a polar molecule

A

electrons in water are not shared evenly
molecule becomes slightly negatively charged at the oxygen end and slightly positively charged at the hydrogen end

Biology 2 (6 decks)

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