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Biology 2 > 2.1.2 Biological molecules > Flashcards

2.1.2 Biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What chemical elements make up carbohydrates

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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2
Q

What chemical elements make up lipids

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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3
Q

What chemical elements make up proteins

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur

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4
Q

What chemical elements make up nucleic acid

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus

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5
Q

Example of a hexose monosaccharide

A

glucose

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6
Q

Example of a pentose monosaccharide

A

ribose
deoxyribose

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7
Q

Draw an alpha glucose molecule

A
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8
Q

Draw a beta glucose molecule

A
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9
Q

Properties of monosaccharides

A
  • sweet
  • soluble
  • forms crystals
  • hydrophilic
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10
Q

Glucose + glucose

A

maltose

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11
Q

Glucose + fructose

A

sucrose

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12
Q

Glucose + galactose

A

lactose

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13
Q

What bond is formed from two monosaccharides

A

glycosidic bond formed by condensation polymerisation

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14
Q

Function / structure of starch

A

storage carbohydrate in plants
- made from alpha glucose
- insoluble

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15
Q

What is amylose

A

straight chains of glucose
(1 - 4) glycosidic bonds

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16
Q

What is amylopectin

A

branched starch
(1-4) and (1-6) glycosidic bonds

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17
Q

Function / structure of glycogen

A

storage carbohydrate in animals (muscles + liver)
- alpha glucose
heavily branched
(1-4) and (1-6) glycosidic bonds

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18
Q

Why is glycogen more suited to being an energy store than amylopectin

A

glycogen is more heavily branched
- so can be broken down into glucose much quicker for use in respiration
- also more compact so less space needed for storage

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19
Q

Function / structure of cellulose

A

structural polysaccharides in plants
- beta glucose
- no branching
- forms microfibrils

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20
Q

Give three properties of cellulose

A
  • high tensile strength
  • inflexible
  • insoluble in water
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21
Q

How is cellulose bonded

A

every other beta glucose is inverted to form glycosidic bonds between the hydroxyl groups

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22
Q

What groups do amino acids have

A
  • amine group
  • carboxylic group
  • r group
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23
Q

Draw an amino acid

24
Q

What bond forms between amino acids

A

peptide bond
formed through a condensation reaction

25
What are prosthetic groups
non protein parts in proteins e.g iron in haemoglobin
26
Properties of globular proteins
compact globe structure hydrophobic R-groups face inwards and hydrophilic R- groups on the outside - makes them soluble in water
27
Properties of fibrous proteins
form fibres regular repetitive sequences of amino acids usually insoluble
28
What is the primary structure of a protein
the sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
29
What is the secondary structure of a protein
polypeptides which are either folded to form a beta pleated sheet or twisted to form an alpha helix shape is maintained by hydrogen bonds
30
What is the tertiary structure of a protein
a complex 3d shape achieved by twisting and folding R-groups can form bonds with other R-groups - ionic - covalent - disulfide - hydrogen bonds - hydrophilic / hydrophobic interaction
31
What is the quaternary structure of a protein
when a protein is made of more than one polypeptide subunit (unusual) - haemoglobin and antibodies (4 polypeptides) - collagen (3 polypeptides)
32
What is a lipid
a chemical that dissolves in organic solvents such as alcohol, but not in water (insoluble) macromolecules - not polymers - triglycerides - phospholipids - steroids
33
What is a triglyceride made of
one molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
34
What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid tail
an unsaturated fatty acid has a double carbon bond
35
Uses of triglycerides
- source of energy in respiration - thermal insulation - buoyancy
36
How do triglycerides bond
the hydroxyl group of the glycerol reacts with the carboxylic acid group of the fatty acid to form an ester bond through a condensation reaction
37
What is a phospholipid made of
a phosphate group glycerol two fatty acid tails - even number of carbon atoms each (16 or 18), one saturated and one unsaturated
38
How does the composition of the phospholipid contribute to the fluidity of the cell membrane
mainly saturated FA tails - membrane will be less fluid mainly unsaturated FA tails - membrane will be more fluid
39
What is the structure of a steroid hormone (cholesterol etc)
4 carbon-based ring structures hydroxyl group at one end (polar and hydrophilic) rest of the molecule is nonpolar and hydrophobic
40
What are the main functions of cholesterol
- makes up steroid hormones and vitamin D - prevents phospholipids solidifying at low temps and being to fluid at high temps - gives mechanical stability as it restricts the movements of the phospholipids (decreases fluidity)
41
Properties of water
- universal solvent as it is polar - liquid - cohesion - freezing - thermal stability (high specific heat capacity)
42
What is the importance of water being a liquid at room temperature
acts as a liquid transport medium - blood in animals - used in plant transport systems
43
What is the importance of water being cohesive
gives water high surface tension - used by small organisms as habitat used in xylem to make a transpiration stream
44
What is the importance of water being thermally stable
oceans provide a stable habitat for animals (requires huge amounts of energy to increase the temperature) evaporation is used by many land based organisms as a cooling mechanism
45
Why is water considered to be a polar molecule
electrons in water are not shared evenly molecule becomes slightly negatively charged at the oxygen end and slightly positively charged at the hydrogen end
46
Functions of hydrogen ions
H+ - hydrogen bonding - control of blood pH - opening stomata (proton pump) - transported out of companion cells to return with sucrose through co transporter proteins
47
Functions of calcium ions
Ca2+ - bone and enamel structure (calcium phosphate) - cofactor for enzymes - synaptic transmission of nerve impulses - muscle contraction
48
Function of iron ions
Fe2+ / Fe3+ - transport of oxygen via haemoglobin - transfer of electrons (respiration and photosynthesis)
49
Function of sodium ions
Na+ - generating nerve impulses - reabsorption of water in the kidneys - co transporter of glucose and amino acids
50
Function of potassium ions
K+ - generating nerve impulses - reabsorption of water in the kidneys - opening of the stomata - regulating fluid balance
51
Function of ammonium ions
NH4+ - deamination of proteins
52
Function of nitrate ions
NO3- - source of nitrogen for plants
53
Function of hydrogen carbonate ions
HCO3- - carbon dioxide transport in the blood
54
Function of chloride ions
Cl- - maintaining pH balance during carbon dioxide transport - cofactor for amylase enzyme
55
Function of phosphate ions
PO43- - components of the cell membrane (phospholipids) - component of bone (calcium phosphate) - component of ATP and nucleic acids
56
Function of hydroxide ions
OH- - determines pH

Biology 2 (8 decks)

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