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Biology Module 2 > 2.1.2 > Flashcards

2.1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A small molecule which joins with others to form a polymer

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2
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A large molecule made up of many repeating monomers

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3
Q

What is a polar molecule?

A

A molecule with regions of negative and positive charge

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4
Q

How are regions of charge shown on a diagram?

A

Delta + or delta -

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5
Q

In water what charge does the oxygen have?

A

Negative

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6
Q

In water what charge do the hydrogen have?

A

Positive

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7
Q

Why is water a polar molecule?

A

Electrons from hydrogen and pulled towards it

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8
Q

How is hydrogen bonding shown on a diagram?

A

Dashed Line

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9
Q

How strong are hydrogen bonds?

A

Weak

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10
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

The bond between negatively charged oxygen and positively charged hydrogens

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11
Q

Property of water beginning with L

A

Liquid

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12
Q

What happens to hydrogen bonds as the water molecules move?

A

Constantly break and reform

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13
Q

Water has a _____ viscosity

A

low

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14
Q

What is viscosity?

A

How well a liquid flows. Lower viscosity = better flow

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15
Q

Property of water beginning with D

A

Density

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16
Q

Below 4C is the density higher or lower than above 4C in water

A

lower

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17
Q

Why is ice’s density less than water’s?

A

Arrangement of hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

Ice is a _________________ arrangement

A

tetrahedral

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19
Q

Properties of ice’s structure

A
  • Giant
  • Rigid
  • Open
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20
Q

Water is a S______

A

Solvent

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21
Q

Why does water’s polarity make it a good solvent?

A

It is attracted to other polar/charged molecules

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22
Q

How does water dissolve solutes?

A

Water molecules cluster around the solute particles, separating he oppositely charged ions

O - H H
l (-) l
H H - O

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23
Q

Will non-polar molecules dissolve in water?

A

No

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24
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The hydrogen bonds between water molecules pull the molecules towards each other

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25
Q

What is tension?

A

A force that tends to stretch something

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26
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Where water molecules are attracted to surfaces such as in tubes

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27
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

The energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of something by 1C

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28
Q

Does water have a high or low specific heat capacity?

A

High

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29
Q

What is the specific heat capacity of water?

A

4.184 kJ / kg / K

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30
Q

Why does water have a high specific heat capacity?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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31
Q

Does water experience rapid temperature changes?

A

No

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32
Q

What is latent heat of vaporisation?

A

The amount of energy a substance can absorb before it changes to a gas

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33
Q

Does water have a high or low latent heat of vaporisation?

A

High

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34
Q

Why does water have a high latent heat of vaporisation?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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35
Q

What is the latent heat of vaporisation of water?

A

2.26 MJ / Kg / K

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36
Q

Water is a R_________ in many reactions

A

Reactant

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37
Q

2 examples of reactions where water is a reactant

A

Photosynthesis
Hydrolysis

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38
Q

What are the 4 roles of water?

A
  • Solvent
  • Transport Medium
  • Coolant
  • Habitat
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39
Q

What is the role of water being a liquid?

A
  • Habitats (rivers, lakes)
  • Transport Medium (blood, vascular tissue)
    Reaction Medium
    Forms tissues
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40
Q

What is the role of water’s density?

A
  • habitat
    - stable environment
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41
Q

How does the density of water create a stable environment?

A

Ice is less dense so it floats

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42
Q

What is an advantage of ice forming at the top of bodies of water?

A

Provides insulation

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43
Q

What is the role of water being a solvent?

A
  • Allows molecules to move around and react with each other
  • transport medium
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44
Q

Role of water’s surface tension

A

Allows insects such as pond skaters to walk on water

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45
Q

What is capillary action?

A

The process where water rises up a narrow tube against gravity

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46
Q

What is the role of water’s cohesion?

A

Capillary action in plants (xylem)

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47
Q

Role of water’s high specific heat capacity

A

Gives organisms a stable temperature in order to live (reactions)
habitat (gives aquatic organisms a stable environment)

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48
Q

Role of water’s high latent heat of vaporisation

A

Coolant

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49
Q

How does water’s latent heat of vaporisation make it a coolant?

A

Mammals sweat cool skin
Water evaporating from mesophyll cells cool plant

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50
Q

Role of water being a reactant

A

Photosynthesis
hydrolysis
synthesis of large biological molecules

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51
Q

What are the main components of biological molecules?

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen + others (sulfur, phosphorus)

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52
Q

What reaction takes place to make a polymer?

A

condensation

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53
Q

What are the products in a condensation reaction?

A

Polymer + water

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54
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A reaction where two molecules are joined together with a covalent bond, forming a larger molecule and water

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55
Q

What reaction takes place to break a polymer?

A

hydrolysis

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56
Q

What is the equation for a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Polymer + water —> monomer + monomer

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57
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A reaction where the covalent bond between two molecules is broken with the addition of a water molecule

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58
Q

What are the two types of carbohydrates?

A

Sugars
Starches

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59
Q

What is a sugar?

A

Sugars are small carbohydrates (one or two units)
e.g glucose

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60
Q

What is a starch?

A

Large, long chain carbohydrate made up of many units
e.g glycogen

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61
Q

A sugar made of one unit is called a _____________

A

Monosaccharide

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62
Q

A sugar made of two units is called a __________

A

Disaccharide

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63
Q

Starch made of many units is called a _________

A

Polysaccharide

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64
Q

What is the usual general formula of a carbohydrate?

A

Cx (H2O)y

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65
Q

What is the function of most carbohydrates?

A

Energy sources / stores, and support.

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66
Q

Carbohydrates make up a large proportion of ________________ compounds

A

organic

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67
Q

What is the formula of glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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68
Q

Glucose is a h_____ monosaccharide

A

hexose

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69
Q

What are the two variations of glucose?

A

Alpha
Beta

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70
Q

Glucose in _____________ in non polar substances

A

insoluble

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71
Q

Glucose is an _______ ______ in animals and plants

A

energy store

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72
Q

Why is glucose soluble?

A

So it can be transported

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73
Q

What is the difference between a-glucose and b-glucose?

A

a - glucose = H
OH

b - glucose = OH
H

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74
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Molecules of the same molecular formulae but different arrangement of atoms

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75
Q

Ribose is a _______ monosaccharide

A

pentose

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76
Q

On which carbon is the CH2OH bonded to

A

C4

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77
Q

What structure do pentose monosaccharides form?

A

Ring Structure

78
Q

Name two important pentose monosaccharides

A

Ribose
Deoxyribose

79
Q

What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

A

Deoxyribose has 2 hydrogens bonded to C2, while ribose has an Oh and a H

80
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

Condensation reactions

81
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

A covalent bond formed between two carbohydrates from a condensation reaction

82
Q

What is maltose made of?

A

Two alpha glucose

83
Q

What type of glycosidic bond is in maltose

A

1 - 4

84
Q

What is sucrose made of?

A

a - glucose, b - fructose

85
Q

What type of glycosidic bond is in sucrose?

A

1 - 4

86
Q

What is lactose made of?

A

b - galactose , a - glucose

87
Q

What type of glycosidic bond is in lactose?

A

beta 1 - 4

88
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

Reducing sugars donate electrons during a redox reaction

89
Q

Are reducing sugars oxidized or reduced in a redox reaction?

A

oxidized

90
Q

Do reducing sugars show results in a benedicts test?

A

Yes

91
Q

Do non reducing sugars show results in a benedicts test?

A

No

92
Q

What is an aldehyde functional group?

A

H
R - C = O

93
Q

What is a ketone functional group?

A

R
R - C = O

94
Q

Reducing sugars are _______ sugars

A

simple

95
Q

Examples of reducing monosaccharide

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

96
Q

Examples of reducing disaccharides

A

maltose
lactose

97
Q

What is a non-reducing sugar?

A

Sugars without an aldehyde functional group

98
Q

Example of non - reducing sugar

A

Sucrose

99
Q

What is a polysaccharide which contains the same monosaccharide called?

A

homopolysaccharide

100
Q

What is a polysaccharide containing multiple monosaccharides?

A

Heteropolysaccharide

101
Q

What is starch?

A

A polymer of a-glucose

102
Q

What are the two molecules of starch?

A

Amylose
Amylopectin

103
Q

What is the structure of amylose?

A

Long, unbranched chain which coils up

104
Q

Amylose is ______, making it good for storage

A

dense/compact

105
Q

What is the structure of amylopectin?

A

long, branched chain

106
Q

Why is amylopectin branched?

A

To increase surface area

107
Q

What is a benefit of amylopectin being branched?

A

Easier for enzymes to break it down

108
Q

Is starch a hetero or a homo polysaccharide?

A

Homopolysaccharide

109
Q

Which monosaccharide makes up starch?

A

a - glucose

110
Q

AT branches, what is the glycosidic bond in amylopectin?

A

1 - 6

111
Q

Starch is a major carbohydrate in _______

A

Plannts

112
Q

Starch is _________ in water

A

insoluble

113
Q

Plastids meaning

A

Specialized membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells (e.g chloroplasts)

114
Q

Glycogen is the main energy storage molecule in _______

A

animals

115
Q

Where are the main areas glycogen is stored?

A

muscle cells and liver

116
Q

What is the structure of amylose?

A

Long branched chain.

117
Q

What glycosidic bonds are present in amylose?

A

1 - 4
1 - 6 (at branches)

118
Q

Benefit of amylose having many chains

A

bigger surface area
Energy released quickly

119
Q

Why does amylose need more branches then amylopectin?

A

Animals use energy quicker so energy needs to be released quicker

120
Q

What is amylose made up of?

A

a - glucose

121
Q

What is cellulose made up of?

A

b - glucose

122
Q

Alternate molecules are ________

A

inverted

123
Q

Cellulose is a ________ chain

A

straight

124
Q

What in a plant cell is made up of cellulose?

A

cell wall

125
Q

How do cellulose chains bond?

A

Hydrogen bonds

126
Q

What is made when cellulose chains bond?

A

Microfibrils

127
Q

What is made when bundles of microfibrils cross over?

A

Macrofibrils

128
Q

Why is cellulose suitable for cell walls?

A

The macrofibres it forms are strong

129
Q

What is a positive result in the benedicts test?

A

Brick Red

130
Q

What extra is needed to be done when testing for non-reducing sugars

A

-Add HCl
- Heat 100C 2 mins
- cool
- add NaHCO3 until pH neutral

131
Q

Lipids are _____molecules

A

macro

132
Q

What ere the three types of lipids?

A
  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Cholesterol
133
Q

Why are lipids insoluble in water?

A

They are not polar

134
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

A very large, organic molecule

135
Q

What elements do ALL lipids have in common

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

136
Q

Why aren’t lipids polymers?

A

Not made of repeating units

137
Q

Triglycerides are made up of _ molecule of _______ and 3 fatty acid molecules

A

1, glycerol

138
Q

Triglycerides are made up of one molecule of glycerol and _ of ______ ______

A

3, fatty acids

139
Q

Are triglycerides polar or non-polar?

A

Polar

140
Q

Glycerol is (always/never) the same in a lipid

A

always

141
Q

What does it mean if a molecule is saturated?

A

all bonds are single bonds (no double bonds)

142
Q

What type of bond forms between the glycerol and fatty acids in a triglyceride?

A

An ester bond

143
Q

What is glycerol?

A

A 3 carbon alcohol molecule

144
Q

When does an ester bond form?

A

when an organic molecule (e.g fatty acid) joins to an alcohol by condensation reaction

145
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group

146
Q

What bond joins the phosphate group and glycerol in a phospholipid?

A

ester

147
Q

Why is part of a phospholipid hydrophobic while the other part is hydrophobic?

A

Because only part of it is charged, which is the hydrophilic part?

148
Q

Which is the hydrophilic part of a phospholipid?

A

The phosphate group

149
Q

Which is the hydrophobic part of a phospholipid?

A

Fatty acids

150
Q

Name the four functions of lipids

A
  • Membrane formation
  • Hormone production
  • electrical insulation
  • waterproofing
151
Q

Why are triglycerides useful for storing energy?

A

They are insoluble so they don’t affect water potential

152
Q

Name as many functions of triglycerides as you can

A
  • energy source
  • energy store
  • insulation
  • buoyancy
  • protection
153
Q

Why are triglycerides useful for buoyancy?

A

Fat is less dense than water

154
Q

Why are triglycerides useful as an energy source?

A

They can be broken down in respiration to release twice the amount of energy than sugar

155
Q

Why are triglycerides used to protect organs?

A

Used to coat delicate organs as it can be used as a shock absorber

156
Q

What is the main function of a phospholipid?

A

They make up the cell membrane of all eukaryotes and prokaryotes

157
Q

Why are phospholipids used in cell membranes?

A

The hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic phosphate groups form a double layer with tails facing inwards

158
Q

What is the double layer of phospholipids called which makes up cell membranes?

A

phospholipid bilayer

159
Q

How does the phospholipid bilayer act as a barrier against water-soluble substances?

A

The middle is hydrophobic, making it hard for them to pass through

160
Q

What are steroid alcohols known as?

A

sterols

161
Q

Sterols are (similar/different) to fats and oils

A

different

162
Q

Sterols are complex alcohol molecules based on a ____ carbon ring structure
with a ________ group at one end.

A

four, hydroxyl

163
Q

What characteristic do sterols share with phospholipids?

A

dual hydrophilic/hydrophobic

164
Q

Name 1 example of a sterol

A

Cholesterol

165
Q

Cholesterol is a small, hydro(philic/phobic?) molecule

A

phobic

166
Q

Cholesterol has a hydroxyl group attached to is which is hydro_____

A

philic

167
Q

Cholesterol has a ______ group attached to is which is hydrophilic

A

hydroxyl

168
Q

Where is cholesterol made in the body?

A

liver and intestines mainly

169
Q

Why is cholesterol useful in cell membranes?

A

They position themselves between phospholipids which adds stability to the membranes

170
Q

Why is cholesterol useful for making hormones?

A

hydrophobic nature allows it to pass through cell membranes

171
Q

Name 3 examples of hormones made from cholesterol?

A
  • Testosterone
  • Oestrogen
  • Vitamin D
172
Q

What test is used to test for the presence of lipids?

A

The emulsion test

173
Q

How does the emulsion test work?

A
  • Ethanol extracts the lipid
  • Lipids spontaneously comes out of the solution when water is added (lipids hydrophobic)
  • forms layer
174
Q

What is a positive result in the emulsion test?

A

A layer of cloudy white suspension forms

175
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

amino acids

176
Q

Name 3 functions of proteins

A
  • Structural
  • Catalytic
  • Carriers and Pores
177
Q

How are proteins used as catalysts?

A

Proteins make up enzymes

178
Q

How are proteins used in the cell membrane?

A

They form pores to allow molecules through and “carrier proteins” transport the molecules

179
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

The monomer of all proteins, all with similar structures

180
Q

What elements make up all amino acids?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
(some contain sulfur)

181
Q

Only __ out of over 500 amino acids are found in proteins (proteinogenic)

A

20

182
Q

How many amino acids found in proteins can be made from other amino acids in the body?

A

5

183
Q

How many amino acids are essential and can only be found in food?

A

9

184
Q

How many amino acids are specifically needed in infants and growing children?

A

6

185
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A
  • Amine Group
  • Central carbon
  • single hydrogen bonded to central carbon
  • carboxyl group
  • R group
186
Q

What is an R group?

A

A side chain acting as a functional group?
Called the residual group

187
Q

One amino acid is called a _____

A

Monomer

188
Q

A molecule made of 2 amino acids is called a _______

A

dipeptide

189
Q

A molecule made up of more than 2 amino acids is called a ________

A

polypeptide

190
Q

Multiple polypeptides make up a _________

A

protein

191
Q
A

Biology Module 2 (3 decks)

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