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Biology Module 2 > 2.1.1 > Flashcards

2.1.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define magnification

A

how much bigger a sample appears to be under a microscope than it is in real life

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2
Q

Define resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two points (level of detail)

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3
Q

Equation for total magnification

A

objective mag x eyepiece mag

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4
Q

What magnification is a light microscope limited to?

A

1500x

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5
Q

Difference between how a light microscope works and how an electron microscope works

A

Light microscope exposes specimen to light, electron microscope exposes it to electrons

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6
Q

What are the two types of electron micropscope?

A
  • Scanning (SEM)
  • Transmission (TEM)
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7
Q

Why can electron microscopes have a greater resolution than light microscopes?

A

Electrons have a shorter wavelength than light

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8
Q

Definition of “plane of view”

A

the side you see

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9
Q

How are specimens prepared in a scanning electron microscope?

A

Specimens coated with a layer of metal

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10
Q

Why are specimens covered in a layer of metal pre-viewing?(Scanning EM)

A

To improve conductivity and contrast

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11
Q

Why must specimens be dead to be viewed under an electron microscope?

A

Specimens are put in vacuum where they’d die anyway

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12
Q

Do SEMs produce a 2d or a 3d image?

A

3D

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13
Q

SEMs allow ______ cells/organisms to be scanned

A

whole

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14
Q

How is a TEM specimen prepared?

A

Very thinly sliced and coated in a heavy metal

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15
Q

Does a TEM produce a 3d or a 2d image?

A

2d

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16
Q

How does a TEM work on a prepared specimen?

A

Fires electrons which don’t pass through the heavily stained parts.
Electrons that pass through are focused by electromagnets onto a fluorescent screen

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17
Q

Name the 4 slide preparation methods

A

Dry Mount
Wet Mount
Squash slide
Smear

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18
Q

What are dry mount slides useful to look at

A

whole, solid specimens such as hair, insect and pollen

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19
Q

How are dry mount slides prepared?

A

specimen placed on center of slide then cover slip is placed over sample

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20
Q

What are wet mount slides useful to look at?

A

Living or wet samples such as pond water or bacteria

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21
Q

How is a wet mount slide prepared?

A

small drop of liquid placed on slide
place specimen on top
slowly tilt and lower cover slip, to ensure no bubbles

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22
Q

What are squash slides useful to look at?

A

soft samples such as plant roots or onion

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23
Q

How is a squash slide prepared?

A

wet mount prepared first
lens tissue used to gently press down on cover slip

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24
Q

What are smear slides useful to look at?

A

blood samples

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25
Q

how is a smear slide prepared?

A

edge of slide used to smear the sample (slide at 45 angle), creating an even, thin layer
cover slip placed on sample

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26
Q

What is an artefact?

A

A visible structural detail not a feature of the object usually obtained during the making of the slide

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27
Q

Why is staining slides useful?

A

Allows us to see transparent/hard to see cells

28
Q

What is differential staining?

A

Using stains which bind to specific cell structures, meaning each structure can be stained differently and easily identified

29
Q

3 examples of differential stains

A
  • methylene blue: stains nuclear material
  • iodine: stains starch (cell walls)
  • gram staining: stains bacteria cell walls
30
Q

How can gram staining help classify bacteria?

A

It is either gram negative or gram positive. bacteria can be further classified using other stains

31
Q

Magnification using sizes equation

A

Magnification = image size / actual size

32
Q

What is an eye piece graticule?

A

A fine scale that fits inside the eyepiece lens. Units are arbitrary

33
Q

What is a stage micrometer?

A

A scale fitted onto a coverslip, where the units are known

34
Q

Is the scale on a stage micrometer known or unknown?

A

Known

35
Q

How can we find the value for the units of an eyepiece graticule using a stage micrometer?

A

Align the two scales and use the known unit to work out the unknown

36
Q

What is cytosol?

A

The liquid component of cytoplasm

37
Q

What are the 4 parts of the nucleus?

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • nuclear pore
  • chromatin
  • nucleolus
38
Q

What are chromatin?

A

substance consisting of DNA and proteins

39
Q

What are nuclear envelopes?

A

double membranes around edge of nucleus

40
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Dense regions of DNA, RNA and proteins where ribosomes are synthesized

41
Q

What is the function of a nucleus?

A

Controls cell functions
Controls gene expression, protein synthesis and storing DNA

42
Q

How does the nucleus control cell functions?

A

DNA transcription

43
Q

The mitochondria has _ membranes

A

2, an inner and an outer membrane

44
Q

How is a mitochondrion’s inner membrane structured?

A

Folded with high surface area

45
Q

What is a mitochondrion’s inner membrane called?

A

Cristae

46
Q

Why does mitochondria have their own DNA?

A

To synthesize specific enzymes

47
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Aerobic respiration

48
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

Cytoplasm

49
Q

What is a permanent cell vacuole’s membrane called?

A

tonoplast

50
Q

What does the permanent cell vacuole contain?

A

Cell Sap

51
Q

What are the functions of a permanent cell vacuole?

A
  • Stores cell sap
  • maintains osmotic pressure within the cell
52
Q

Chloroplasts have a ______ membrane

A

double

53
Q

What are stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts called?

A

Grana

54
Q

What are the stoma sacs in chloroplasts called?

A

Thylakoids

55
Q

How are grana linked together in chloroplasts?

A

By pieces of membrane called lamellae

56
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis

57
Q

What is the Golgi complex made up of?

A

Golgi apparatus and small vesicles

58
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi complex?

A

Membrane - bound, fluid filled, channel like structure

59
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Detached, fluid filled pockets

60
Q

What is the purpose of the Golgi complex?

A
  • Processes and packages proteins and lipids e.g glycoproteins
  • Proteins and lipids stored in vesicles can be transported out through the cell membrane
61
Q

What is the lysosome?

A

A type of vesicle containing enzymes such as lysozyme

62
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A

To digest/break down invading cells, old parts of cells and complex biomolecules

63
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A network of channel like structures filled with fluid

64
Q

What is the difference between Rough ER and smooth ER

A

Rough has ribosomes along the surface

65
Q

Why does the rough ER have a large surface area and ribosomes along the surface?

A

For protein synthesis

66
Q

What is the purpose of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

protein synthesis

67
Q
A

Biology Module 2 (3 decks)

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