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biology paper 1 > 2.1.1 structure of eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

2.1.1 structure of eukaryotic cells Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells

A
  • cytoplasm containing membrane bound organelles
  • DNA enclosed in a nucleus
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2
Q

what is the general structure of eukaryotic cells

A
  • cell surface membrane
  • mitochondria
  • nucleus
  • ribosomes
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
  • chloroplasts ( in plants and algae )
  • cell wall ( in plants, algae and fungi )
  • cell vacuole ( in plants )
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3
Q

describe the structure of cell surface membrane

A
  • hydrophilic phosphate heads which point towards water
  • hydrophobic fatty acid tails which point away water
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4
Q

describe the function of the cell surface membrane

A
  • selectively permeable enabling the control of passage of substances in and out of the cell
  • has receptors of the surface allowing cell recognition and signalling
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5
Q

describe the structure of the nucleus

A
  • nuclear envelope which has a double membrane and nuclear pores
  • nucleoplasm
  • nucleolus ( dense region )
  • histone bound, linear DNA with chromatins meaning condensed and chromosomes meaning highly condensed
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6
Q

describe the function of the nucleus

A
  • holds and stores genetic information which codes for polypeptides
  • site of DNA replication
  • site of transcription producing mRNA
  • nucleolus makes ribosomes/rRNA
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7
Q

describe the structure of a ribosome

A
  • made of ribosomal RNA and protein
  • not a membrane bound organelle
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8
Q

describe the function of a ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis ( translation )

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9
Q

describe the structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

a system of membranes, RER has ribosomes attached

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10
Q

describe the function of the rER

A
  • ribosomes on the surface synthesise proteins
  • proteins are processed and transported inside the rER
  • proteins are packaged into vesicles for transport eg. to golgi apparatus
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11
Q

describe the function of the sER

A

synthesises and processes lipids such as cholesterol and steroid hormones

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12
Q

describe the structure of the golgi apparatus

A

flattened membrane sacs

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13
Q

describe the structure of the golgi vesicle

A

small membrane sac

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14
Q

describe the function of the golgi apparatus

A
  • modifies proteins eg. adds carbohydrates to produce glycoproteins
  • modifies lipids eg. adds carbohydrates to produce glycolipids
  • packages proteins and lipids into golgi vesicles
  • produces lysosomes
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15
Q

describe the function of the golgi vesicles

A

transports proteins and lipids to their required destination by moving yo and fusing with cell surface membrane

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16
Q

describe the structure of lysosomes

A
  • membrane
  • hydrolytic enzymes
17
Q

describe the function of lysosomes

A

releases hydrolytic enzymes ( lysozymes ) to break down and hydrolyse pathogens or worn out cell components

18
Q

describe the structure of the mitochondria

A
  • outer membrane
  • cristae ( inner membrane fold )
  • matrix containing small 70s ribosomes and circular DNA
19
Q

describe the function of mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration to produce ATP for energy release eg. for protein synthesis

20
Q

describe the structure of chloroplasts in plants and algae

A
  • double membrane
  • stroma containing thylakoid membrane, small 70s ribosomes, circular DNA and starch granules
  • lamella ( thylakoid lining grana )
  • grana ( stacks of thylakoid )
21
Q

describe the function of chloroplasts in plants and algae

A

absorbs light energy for photosynthesis to produce organic substances eg. carbohydrates

22
Q

describe the structure of the cell wall in plants, algae and fungi

A
  • composed mainly of cellulose ( a polysaccharide ) in plants and algae
  • composed of chitin ( a nitrogen containing polysaccharide ) in fungi
23
Q

describe the function of the cell wall in plants, algae and fungi

A

provides mechanical strength to the cell preventing it from changing shape or bursting under pressure due to osmosis

24
Q

describe the structure of the cell vacuole in plants

A
  • tonoplast membrane
  • cell sap
25
Q

describe the function of the cell vacuole in plants

A
  • maintains turgor pressure in cell to stop plant wilting
  • contains cell sap which stores sugars, amino acids, pigments and any waste chemicals
26
Q

describe how eukaryotic cells are organised in complex multicellular organisms

A

in complex multicellular organisms, eukaryotic cells become specialised for specific functions

27
Q

what is tissue

A

group of specialised cells with a similar structure working together to perform a specific function often with the same origin

28
Q

what is an organ

A

aggregations of tissues performing specific functions

29
Q

what is an organ system

A

groups of organs working together to perform specific functions

biology paper 1 (16 decks)

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