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BIOL 235: Unit 5 > 21.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels > Flashcards

21.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

arteries

A
  • one of the five main types of blood vessels

- pressurized vessels which carry blood away from the heart to other organs

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2
Q

arterioles (resistance vessels)

A
  • one of the five main types of blood vessels
  • small vessels which are carrying blood away from the heart
  • intermediate step between arteries and capillaries
  • regulate blood flow by altering resistance of blood flowing through them before hitting the capillaries
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3
Q

capillaries (exchange vessels)

A
  • one of the five main types of blood vessels
  • very small hairlike vessels inside tissues
  • have thin walls, allowing the exchange of substances between blood and body tissues
  • only vessels which lack a tunica externa and tunica media
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4
Q

venules

A
  • one of the five main types of blood vessels
  • small vessels which are formed when several capillaries merge together as they are leaving tissue
  • intermediate step between capillaries and veins
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5
Q

veins

A
  • one of the five main types of blood vessels

- depressurized vessels which carry blood from organs back to the heart

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6
Q

tunica interna (or tunica intima)

A

-inner lining of a blood vessel which is in contact with blood flowing through the lumen

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7
Q

lumen

A

-the opening in a blood vessel through which blood flows

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8
Q

endothelium

A
  • the innermost layer of the tunica interna

- a tissue composed of flattened cells which line the inner surface of the entire cardiovascular system

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9
Q

basement membrane

A
  • the second component of the tunica interna, which is deep to the endothelium
  • provides tensile strength to the tunica interna as well as resistance to stretch and recoil
  • anchors the endothelium to underlying connective tissue
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10
Q

internal elastic lamina

A
  • the outermost layer of the tunica interna
  • a thin sheet of elastic fibers with many holes like swiss cheese which facilitate diffusion of materials from the tunica interna to the tunica media
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11
Q

tunica media

A
  • the middle layer of a blood vessel
  • made of muscular and connective tissue
  • has greatest variation amongst different types of vessels
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12
Q

vasoconstriction

A

-a decrease in the diameter of the lumen of a blood vessel

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13
Q

vasodialtion

A

-an increase in the diameter of the lumen of a blood vessel

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14
Q

vascular spasm

A

-the contraction of a small artery or arteriole to prevent the loss of blood when damaged

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15
Q

external elastic lamina

A

-swiss cheese like layer separating the tunica media from the tunica externa

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16
Q

tunica externa

A
  • the outermost layer of a blood vessel
  • consists of elastic and collagen fibers, as well as nerves controlling contraction of the tunica media
  • helps anchor vessels to surrounding tissues
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17
Q

vasa vasorum

A
  • name means vessels of the vessels

- small vessels which supply blood to the tissue of large vessels like the aorta

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18
Q

compliance

A
  • the ability of vessels to stretch easily or expand without tearing in response to increase in pressure
  • normally high in arteries
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19
Q

elastic arteries (conducting arteries)

A
  • the category of arteries including the largest arteries in the body, like the aorta, pulmonary trunk and their branches
  • named for their well defined internal and external elastic laminae
  • propel blood onward while ventricles are relaxing
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20
Q

elastic lamellae

A

-stretchy fibers which dominate the tunica media of the conducting arteries

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21
Q

pressure resevior

A

-the function of the elastic arteries when their elastic fibers are stretched, just after the ventricles have contracted and are starting to relax

22
Q

muscular arteries (distributing arteries)

A
  • the category of arteries containing medium arteries like the femoral, brachial, and radial arteries
  • contain more smooth muscle and fewer elastic fibers
  • have a thick tunica media, with as many as 40 layers of smooth muscle cells, making up 25% of total vessel thickness
23
Q

vascular tone

A
  • the ability of smooth muscle in vessels to contract and maintain a state of partial contraction
  • stiffens the vessel wall, important for maintaining vessel pressure and efficient blood flow
24
Q

anastomosis

A
  • the union of the brances of two or more ateries supplying the same region of the body
  • provide alternative routes for blood to reach an area in case one is closed by normal movements compressing it shut, or injury/disease
25
Q

collateral circulation

A

-the alternative route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomosis

26
Q

end arteries

A
  • arteries that do not anastomose

- obstruction of one of these arteries will interrupt all blood flow to an organ, leading to necrosis

27
Q

metarteriole

A
  • the terminal end of an arteriole

- here the vessel tapers toward the capillary junction

28
Q

precapillary sphincter

A
  • the distal-most muscle cell in the metarteriole-capillary junction
  • monitors the blood flow into a capillary
29
Q

resistance

A
  • the opposition of blood flow due to friciton between blood and the walls of blood vessels
  • actively controlled by arterioles by vasoconstriction and vasodilation before hitting the capillaries
30
Q

postcapillary venule

A
  • the venule that receives blood from a capillary

- extremely porous, allowing for significant exchange of nutrients and wastes as well as white blood cell emigration

31
Q

microcirculation

A

-the flow of blood from a metarteriole through a capillary and into a postcapillary venule

32
Q

capillary bed

A

-the network of 10-100 capillaries that arises from a single metarteriole

33
Q

capillary route

A
  • one of the two ways in which blood can flow through an arteriole and into a venule
  • happens when precapillary sphincters are relaxed, allowing blood to flow through all parts of the capillary bed
34
Q

vasomotion

A
  • the intermittent contraction and relation of the smooth muscle of metarterioles and precapillary sphincters to encourage blood flow through the capillary bed
  • occurs 5-10 times per minute
35
Q

thoroughfare channel

A
  • one of the two ways in which blood can flow through an arteriole and into a venule
  • happens when the precapillary sphincters are contracted, forcing blood directly from arteriole to venule without going into the capillary bed
36
Q

continuous capillaries

A
  • one of the three types of capillaries
  • has endothelial cells which are an unbroken tube, aside from intercellular clefts between cells
  • found in the CNS, lungs, muscle tissue, and skin
37
Q

intracellular clefts

A
  • the gaps between neighboring epithelial cells

- the only spaces through which diffusion can occur in continuous capillaries

38
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A
  • one of the three types of capillaries
  • have small (~70-100nm) holes in their endothelial cells to allow for diffusion of larger compounds out of the blood
  • found in kidneys, small intestine, choroid plexuses of ventricles in the brain, ciliary processes of the eyes, and endocrine glands
39
Q

sinusoids

A
  • one of the three types of capillaries
  • have large holes in their endothelial cells allowing proteins and sometimes even blood cells to pass from a tissue into the bloodstream
  • present in red bone marrow, liver, spleen, anterior pituitary, and parathyroid and adrenal glands
40
Q

portal vein

A

-a vein connecting two capillary beds together, rather than a capillary bed back to the heart

41
Q

portal system

A
  • a two of capillary beds and the portal vein which connect them
  • named for the location of the second capillary
42
Q

muscular venules

A
  • thicker venules one with one or two layers of smooth muscle cells
  • walls are too thick to allow for exchanges with interstitial fluid
  • connect postcapillary venules to veins
43
Q

valves

A

-thin folds of tunica interna that form flaplike cusps, preventing backflow of blood in veins

44
Q

vascular sinus

A

-a vein with a thin endothelial wall that has no smooth muscle to alter its diameter

45
Q

anastomatic veins

A
  • the veins which connect the double set of veins which accompany medium-small sized arteries
  • the rungs of ladderlike structures alongside those arteries
46
Q

superficial veins

A
  • the veins which course through the subcutaneous layer, unaccompanied by parallel arteries
  • the major pathway for blood to return to the heart in the upper limbs
47
Q

deep veins

A
  • veins which travel between the skeletal muscles

- the major pathway for blood to return to the heart in the lower limbs

48
Q

blood distribution

A
  • 64% in systemic veins and venules
  • 13% in systemic arteries and arterioles
  • 7% in systemic capillaries
  • 9% in pulmonary blood vessels
  • 7% in the heart
49
Q

blood reservoir

A
  • a place where a large blood volume is stored in the cardiovascular system for quick distribution if the need arises
  • systemic veins and venules function as one of these for the body
50
Q

venoconstriction

A

-the constriction of veins to allow for less blood in the resevoirs of systemic veins, forcing more into skeletal muscles, such as during exercise

BIOL 235: Unit 5 (8 decks)

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