Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A-Level Biology > 2.1.1 G) Ultrastructure of Eukaryotic Cells + Functions of Dif. Cellular Components > Flashcards

2.1.1 G) Ultrastructure of Eukaryotic Cells + Functions of Dif. Cellular Components Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organelles:

A
  • parts of cells
  • each has a specific function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cell ultrastructure:

A

when you examine a cell through an electron microscope you can see its organelles and the internal structure of most of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are plant cells different to animal cells?

A
  • a cell wall with plasmodesmata (’channels’ for exchanging substances between adjacent cells)
  • a vacuole - compartment that contains cell sap
  • chloroplasts - the organelles involved in photosynthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diagram + components of animal cell:

A
  • nucleus - nucleolus, nuclear membrane
  • lysosome
  • cell surface membrane/plasma membrane
  • Golgi apparatus - vesicles
  • rough endoplasmic apparatus (RER)
  • smooth endoplasmic apparatus (SER)
  • centrosome
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diagram + components of plant cell:

A
  • nucleus - nucleolus, nuclear membrane
  • lysosome
  • cell surface membrane/plasma membrane
  • Golgi apparatus - vesicles
  • rough endoplasmic apparatus (RER)
  • smooth endoplasmic apparatus (SER)
  • centrosome
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
  • vacuole
  • chloroplast
  • cell wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is the cell surface membrane/plasma membrane found?

A

found on the surface of animal cells and just inside the cell wall of plant cells and prokaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the cell surface membrane/plasma membrane made of?

A

made of mainly lipids and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Function of cell surface membrane/plasma membrane:

A
  • regulates transport of substances in and out of the cell
  • sites of cell communications (cell signalling)
    • may release chemicals that signal to other cells
    • contains receptors for such chemical signals and so is a site for cell signalling - hormones and drugs may bind to receptors in the membranes
  • may be sites of chemical reactions
  • partially permeable barriers between the cell and its environment, between organelles ad the cytoplasm and within organelles
  • may contain enzymes involved in specific metabolic pathways
  • has antigens so the organism’s immune system can recognise the cell as being ‘self’ and not attack it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is the cell wall found?

A

a rigid structure found on the outside of the plasma membrane that surrounds plant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Function of cellulose cell wall:

A
  • Provide strength and support plant cells
  • Maintain cell shape
  • Prevent cell bursting
  • Is permeable to solutions to pass through
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the cell wall mainly made of?

A

Made of fibres of a carbohydrate polysaccharide – cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Diagram of nucleus:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus:

A
  • large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane)
  • the envelope has pored to allow certain substances to move in and out of the nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A
  • the nucleus contains chromatin (which is made from DNA and proteins)
  • and often contains a structure called the nucleolus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the nucleolus contain and what is its function?

A
  • nucleolus contains RNA
  • it is where ribosomes are made
  • does not have a membrane around it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function of nucleus:

A
  • Control cells activities - by controlling the transcription of DNA
  • Stores organism’s genome
  • Transmits genetic information - the pores allow substances (e.g. RNA) to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
  • Provides the instructions for protein synthesis
  • Nucleolus makes ribosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are lysosomes made by?

A

made by the Golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the structure of lysosomes:

A
  • round organelle
  • surrounded by a single membrane
  • no clear internal structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Function of lysosomes:

A
  • contains powerful hydrolytic (digestive enzymes) - kpt separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane
  • abundant in phagocytic cells - lysosomes help to digest invading cells/pathogens or to break down work out components of the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Diagram of lysosome:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How large are ribosomes?

A

approx. 20nm in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A
  • made of 2 subunits - large subunit and small subunit
  • not surrounded by a membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are ribosomes made up of?

A

ribosomes and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A
  • attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
  • found floating free in the cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Function of ribosomes on RER:

A

synthesises proteins that will be exported out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Function of free floating ribosomes in the cytoplasm:

A

synthesises proteins that will be used within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe the structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER):

A
  • system of cisternae (membranes)
  • covered in ribosomes → large surface area
  • continuous with the nuclear membrane - substances can be transported to other parts of the cell
28
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER):

A
  • folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes
  • substances can be transported to other parts of the cell. e.g proteins made on the ribosomes can be packaged into vesicles and transported to the Golgi apparatus
29
Q

Diagram of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER):

A
30
Q

Describe the structure of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER):

A
  • system of cisternae (membranes)
  • not covered in ribosomes
  • continuous with the nuclear membrane
31
Q

Diagram of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER):

A
32
Q

Function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER):

A
  • involved in lipid metabolism (synthesis of cholesterol, steroid hormones and phospholipids)
  • synthesises and processes lipids
33
Q

Where are vesicles found?

A

often seen at the edge of the sacs (Golgi apparatus)

34
Q

Function of vesicles:

A
  • once processed by the Golgi apparatus, proteins are packaged (by the GA) into secretory vesicles that are either stored in the cell or move to the plasma membrane
  • secretory vesicles move along the cytoskeleton using motor proteins – ATP needs to be broken down to do this
  • transports substances in and out of the cell (via the plasma membrane) and between organelles
35
Q

Where and by what are vesicles formed?

A
  • some formed by the Golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum
  • others formed at the cell surface
36
Q

Diagram of vesicles:

A
37
Q

Describe the structure of Golgi apparatus:

A

a stack of membrane bound, fluid-filled, flattened sacks

38
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus:

A
  • modifies, processes and packages new lipids and proteins - modification via:
    • adding sugar to make a glycoprotein
    • adding lipid to make lipoprotein
    • being folded into a 3D shape
  • makes lysosomes
39
Q

Diagram of Golgi apparatus:

A
40
Q

How long are mitochondria?

A

approx. 2-5μm long

41
Q

Describe the structure of mitochondria:

A
  • usually oval-shaped
  • double membrane structure - inner is highly folded into cristae
  • inner part is fluid filled matrix which contains enzymes involve din respiration
42
Q

Function of mitochondria:

A

site of ATP production during aerobic respiration

43
Q

Where are mitochondria most abundant?

A

Most abundant in cells where there is high metabolic activity, e.g. muscle and liver cells

44
Q

How do mitochondria replicate?

A

self-replicating

45
Q

Diagram of a mitochondrion:

A
46
Q

Describe the structure of chloroplasts:

A
  • small flattened structure found in plant cells
  • surrounded by double membrane - inner and outer
  • contains stacks of flattened membranes called thylakoids - contain chlorophyll (resembles stack of plates)
  • Plate = thylakoid, Stack = granum
47
Q

How long are chloroplasts?

A

around 4-10μm long

48
Q

Function of chloroplasts:

A
  • site of photosynthesis
  • inner membrane contains a fluid called stroma that contains enzymes needed for photosynthesis
  • contains starch grains to provide energy for photosynthesis
49
Q

Where does the photosynthesis in chloroplasts take place?

A

some parts of photosynthesis happen in the grana and other parts happen in the stroma (thick fluid found in chloroplasts)

50
Q

Diagram of chloroplasts:

A
51
Q

What is the vaculoe surrounded by?

A

Surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast

52
Q

Function of a vacuole:

A

Fluid filled (water and solutes) to maintain cell stability and turgidity

53
Q

Describe the structure of centrioles + what are centrioles made of?

A
  • small hollow cylinders
  • made of microtubules (tiny protein cylinders)
54
Q

Where are centrioles found?

A
  • found in animal cells but only some plant cells
  • usually absent from cells of larger, complex plants but present in simple unicellular green algae
55
Q

How are centrioles found?

A

Found in pairs – one at a right angle to the other

56
Q

Function of centrioles:

A
  • involved in the production of spindle fibres used in cell division so involved in separation of chromosomes in cell division
  • involved in the formation of cilia and undulipodia
57
Q

Diagram of centrioles:

A
58
Q

Describe the structure of cilia:

A
  • small, hair-like structures found on the surface membrane of some animal cells
  • in cross-section they have an outer membrane and a ing of 9 pairs of protein microtubules inside, with a single pair of microtubules in the middle
59
Q

Where are cilia found?

A

found on the surface membrane of some animal cells

60
Q

What are cilia made of?

A

centrioles

61
Q

Function of cilia:

A
  • cilia line airways to waft/beat mucus - the microtubules allow the cilia to move, the movement is used by the cell to move substances along the cell surface
  • nearly all cells have at least one cilium that acts as an antenna/receptor for the immediate environment
62
Q

Diagram of cilia:

A
63
Q

Describe the structure of flagella:

A
  • flagella on eukaryotic cells are like cilia but longer
  • they stick out fom the ell surface and are surrounded by the plasma membrane
  • inside they contain 2 microtubules in the centre and 9 pairs around the edge
64
Q

Function of flagella:

A
  • the microtubules contract to make the flagellum move
  • flagella are used like outboard motors to propel cells forward
65
Q

Diagram of flagella:

A

A-Level Biology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions