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BIOLOGY Module 2: Foundations In Biology > 2.1.1 Cell Structure > Flashcards

2.1.1 Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the definition of resolution?

A

The (smallest distance that gives you the) ability to distinguish two points as separate.

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2
Q

What’s the definition of magnification?

A

How many times larger an image appears to be compared to its actual size.

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3
Q

Equation for magnification.

A

Image = Actual x Magnification

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4
Q

Resolution of a light microscope

A

Maximum of 200 nanometres
(Used for whole cells/ tissues)

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5
Q

Magnification of a light microscope

A

Maximum of x1500

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6
Q

How do light microscopes work?

A

Two lenses: objective and eyepiece
Both magnify image
(For whole cells/ tissues)

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7
Q

How does a transmission electron microscope work?

A

Electromagnets used to focus beam of electrons which is transmitted through specimen.
Denser areas absorb more electrons and appear darker.
High resolution but only used on thin specimens.
B&W

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8
Q

How does a scanning electron microscope work?

A

Beam of electrons scanned across specimen, electrons knocked off from specimen and gathered in cathode ray tube to form image, show surface of specimen.
CAN BE 3D
Lower resolution than TEM.
B&W

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9
Q

Resolution of TEM

A

0.5 nanometres

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10
Q

Resolution of SEM

A

3-10 nanometres

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11
Q

Magnification of electron microscopes

A

Up to x 500,000

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12
Q

How to calibrate an eye-piece graticule

A

Place a stage micrometer on the stage.
Line it up with the eyepiece graticule.
Each division on stage micrometer is 0.1mm.
Divide 0.1 by number of divisions on the stage micrometer, that’s what one division on eyepiece graticule equals.

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13
Q

What stains can be used for light microscopes and for what specimen?

A

Methylene blue: DNA
Eosin: cytoplasm

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14
Q

What’s a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell with a membrane-bound nucleus.

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15
Q

Structure of the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope (double membrane) contains nuclear pores
Contains chromatin and nucleolus

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16
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Controls cell’s activities
Pores allow substances to move between nucleus and cytoplasm
DNA contains instructions to make proteins

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17
Q

Structure of nucleolus

A

Area within nucleus comprised of proteins and RNA.

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18
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

Responsible for producing ribosomes

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19
Q

Structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs (cisternae), connected to outer membrane of nucleus.
Surface covered in ribosomes.

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20
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Folds and processes proteins made at ribosomes

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21
Q

Structure of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs (cisternae), connected to outer membrane of nucleus.
No ribosomes.

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22
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesises and processes lipids.

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23
Q

Structure of Golgi apparatus

A

Compact structure of cisternae with vesicles, no ribosomes.

24
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A

Processes and packages proteins, makes lysosomes

25
Q

Structure of ribosomes

A

No membrane, made of RNA molecules, free-floating in cytoplasm or attached to ER

26
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

27
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A

Double membrane.
Inner membrane folds to form cristae.
Matrix in inside, contains enzymes for respiration.

28
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration, where ATP is produced.

29
Q

Structure of vesicles

A

Single membrane with fluid inside

30
Q

Function of vesicles

A

Transport materials inside the cell

31
Q

Structure of lysosomes

A

Specialised vesicles, contain hydrolytic enzymes

32
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

Responsible for breaking down waste materials in cells, role in immune system: breaking down pathogens

33
Q

Structure of chloroplasts

A

Double membrane
Stroma is the fluid enclosed
Internal network of membranes, form thylakoids (stacked together called grana)
Grana linked by lamellae

34
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis

35
Q

Structure of plasma membrane

A

Made of lipids and protein

36
Q

Function of plasma membrane

A

Regulates movement of substances in/out of cell
Receptor molecules to respond to hormones etc

37
Q

Structure of centrioles

A

Component of cytoskeleton
Made of microtubules in a small hollow cylinder
Two form the centrosome

38
Q

Function of centrioles

A

Assembly and organisation of spindle fibres during cell division

39
Q

Structure of cell wall

A

In plants: made of cellulose, complex carbohydrate

40
Q

Function of cell wall

A

Supports plant cells
Freely permeable, substances can pass in/out of cell

41
Q

Structure of flagella

A

Whip-like extensions, longer than cilia
Surrounded by plasma membrane
2 microtubules in centre, 9 pairs around edge

42
Q

Function of flagella

A

Microtubules contract so flagellum move, propel the cell forward

43
Q

Structure of cilia

A

Hair-like extensions
Outer membrane, 9 pairs of microtubules in a ring and 2 in the middles

44
Q

Function of cilia

A

Microtubules allow cilia to move substances along cell surface

45
Q

Describe the process of protein production and secretion within cells

A

Proteins synthesised on ribosomes bound to ER
Pass into cisternae and packaged into transport vesicles
Vesicles with synthesised protein move towards Golgi apparatus via transport function of cytoskeleton
Vesicles fuse with cis face of Golgi and enter
Proteins modified before leaving Golgi in vesicles from trans face
Secretory vesicles carry proteins that are to be released from cell
Vesicles fuse with cell-surface membrane and release contents by exocytosis

46
Q

Explain importance of the cytoskeleton

A

Network of fibres necessary for shape and stability of a cell
holds organelles in place, controls cell movement and movement of organelles in cells
Three components:
Microfilaments are responsible for cell movement and cell contraction during cytokinesis
Microtubules are tubes that are used to determine shape of a cell, track movement of organelles around the cell
Intermediate fibres give mechanical strength to cells

47
Q

Differences between nucleus in pro and eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells don’t have a nucleus, eukaryotic cells do

48
Q

Differences between DNA in pro and eukaryotic cells

A

DNA in prokaryotic cells is circular, DNA in eukaryotic cells is linear

49
Q

Differences between DNA organisation in pro and eukaryotic cells

A

Proteins fold and condense DNA in prokaryotic cells, associated with histones in eukaryotic cells

50
Q

Differences between extra chromosomal DNA in pro and eukaryotic cells

A

Circular DNA (plasmids) in prokaryotic, only present in certain organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts) in eukaryotic

51
Q

Differences between organelles in pro and eukaryotic cells

A

Only non membrane bound in prokaryotic, both non and membrane bound in eukaryotic

52
Q

Differences between cell wall in pro and eukaryotic cells

A

Peptidoglycan in prokaryotic, chitin/cellulose or not present in eukaryotic (fungi,plants,animals)

53
Q

Differences between ribosomes in pro and eukaryotic cells

A

Smaller (70S) in prokaryotic, larger (80S) in eukaryotic

54
Q

Differences between cytoskeleton in pro and eukaryotic cells

A

Present in both, more complex in eukaryotic

55
Q

Differences between reproduction in pro and eukaryotic cells

A

Binary fission in prokaryotic, asexual/sexual in eukaryotic

56
Q

Differences between cell type in pro and eukaryotic cells

A

Only unicellular in prokaryotic, both uni and multicellular in eukaryotic

57
Q

Differences between cell surface membrane in pro and eukaryotic cells

A

Present in both

BIOLOGY Module 2: Foundations In Biology (6 decks)

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