2.10 Opposition: ideas and ideologies, 1894-1914 Flashcards
What did the Tver Zemstvo petition the Tsar for in 1895? How did he respond?
In 1895, the Tver Zemstvo petitioned Nicholas II to set up an advisory body.
He dismissed the request as a ‘senseless dream’
What did the liberal Prince Lvov demand in the 1890s?
the creation of an all-class zemstvo at district (volost) level + a National Assembly
What was the Beseda Symposium? When was it set up?
Set up in 1899. Secret meetings of the more radical liberals to discuss matters of liberal interest - judicial reform + universal education
When did the government order the dismissal of hundreds of liberals from the elected boards of the zemstva? How did the Beseda Symposium react?
1900
Beseda Symposium assumed leadership of liberal movement - attracted support from public figures, town leaders, members of legal and teaching professions, industrialists
In 1903, what organisation was founded under the inspiration of Pyotr Struve?
Union of Liberation - ‘peaceful evolution’ for Russia to adapt to new industrialising status - workers should be able to campaign legally to improve conditions
What event cause ideas of ‘agrarian socialism’ to be revived
Great Famine of 1891-92
What is agrarian socialism?
taking estates from landowners and dividing the land between the peasantry to be farmed communally
When was the Social Revolutionary Party (SR) founded?
1901
What was the central goal of the SRs? What were its ideas?
‘land socialisation’ + decentralised government
Members broadly accepted Marxist theory, combining with populist ideas - specifically Russian revolution
interests of the ‘labouring poor’ - peasantry + urban workers - the same
membership of SRs
wide national base w/ large peasant membership, but 50% of its members were from the urban working class
Between 1901 and 1905, how many political assassinations did the SRs carry out?
2000 (incl. 2 Ministers of Internal Affairs - Sipyagin 1902, von Plehve 1904)
What event did the SRs play an active role in?
the 1905 Revolution
What organisation killed Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin? When?
The Social Revolutionaries (SRs) in 1911
Between 1905 and 1909, how many SRs were sentenced to death? How many were actually executed?
4579 sentenced to death, 2365 actually executed
What group emerged in 1898 as an amalgamation of various Marxist groups?
Social Democratic Workers’ Party (SD)
What happened at the First Congress of the SDs?
Broken up by Okhrana agents who arrested two of the newly created 3 man central committee
What did Lenin argue in favour of at the Second Party Congress of the SDs?
strong disciplined organisation of professional revolutionaries to lead the proletariat
Only total dedication to revolution
What did Martov argue in favour of at the Second Party Congress of the SDs?
developing a broad party with mass working-class membership + members ‘cooperating’ with liberal parties
By 1906, what had happened within the Social Democratic Workers’ Party?
The divisions between Bolshevik and Menshevik had hardened so that by 1906, there were effectively 2 separate SD parties
Between 1906 and 1910, how many TUs were closed down? How many were denied registration?
What TUs survived?
497 TUs closed down
604 denied registration
Those that survived were mainly unions of better-paid male skilled workers, particularly in the metal trades
What reforms were there for the urban working class after 1905?
Only some reforms, such as the 1912 Insurance Law
What reduced opportunity for union action from 1907?
Economic depression, rise in unemployment, combined with a political clampdown
What event provided a new impetus for union action? When?
The shooting of unarmed demonstrators at the Lena goldfields in April 1912
What from 1911 gave skilled labour more bargaining power in the marketplace?
Beginnings of economic recovery in 1911
