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Advanced higher biology > 2.1 weird biology stuff > Flashcards

2.1 weird biology stuff Flashcards

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1
Q

Risk assessment def

A

A document that identifies the potential hazards and risks and clearly describes the steps that can be taken to minimise their occurrence.

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1
Q

Hazards examples

A

Terrain
Weather
Tide
Isolation

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2
Q

Terrain

A

Refers to how the land lies. Hazards include uneven ground surface, hills and steep gradients.

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3
Q

Weather

A

Refers to the climate and state of the atmosphere, hazards include extreme changes in conditions, and not bringing sufficient equipment/ sufficient preparation.

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4
Q

Isolation

A

Refers to how much contact you have with humans - hazards include getting lost and not bringing sufficient equipment

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5
Q

Tide

A

Refers to dangers of being swept away by the sea, hazards include drowning and hypothermia.

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5
Q

Sampling techniques

A

Point count
Remote detection
Quadrats
Line transects
Pitfall traps
Camera traps
Scat sampling
Belt transects

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6
Q

Sampling types

A

Randomised
Systematic
Stratified

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7
Q

Hazard definition

A

A source of potential harm to and individual.

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8
Q

Risk

A

The likelihood of hazard occurring

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9
Q

COSH

A

Control of substances hazardous to health

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10
Q

CLEAPS

A

Consortium of local educational authorities for the provision of science services.

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11
Q

Point count

A

Where an observer records the number and type of individuals seen from a fixed location and area.

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12
Q

Remote detection

A

A field technique where an individual uses camera traps to observe and record species which you can’t get close to.

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13
Q

Quadrats

A

A field technique used for sampling slow moving or stationary organisms using a 10x10 frame which is randomly thrown down.

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14
Q

Line transects

A

A field technique where a random line is set out in the environment that the individual wants to sample and then the individual counts the type and number of organisms on the line.

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15
Q

Pitfall traps

A

A field technique used to measure ground invertebrates which relies on the organism falling into a hole they can’t climb back out of.

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16
Q

Belt transects

A

A field technique where a line transects is set out in the environment and Quad-rats are placed along the line at equal intervals.

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17
Q

Scat samples

A

An indirect method of sampling where organisms are identified by scat in the environment - it can also give extra information on organisms such as diet, health and number of organisms.

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18
Q

Nets form of capture

A

Nets are used to sample or capture organisms that an individual wants to avoid contact with.

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19
Q

Randomised sampling

A

Where sampling techniques such as Quadrats are used and the habitat is divided up small sections which are allocated a number, then a random number generator is used to choose where in the area is sampled.

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20
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Where an individual identifies and estimates areas in the habitat which are different from each other and samples them separately based on how much of the habitat they take up.

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21
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Where an individual specifically chooses which section of the area they are sampling to track changes across the whole habitat.

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22
Q

Randomised sampling advantage

A

Avoids biased from investigator

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23
Q

Randomised sampling disadvantage

A

Samples may not be representative of the whole habitat if there is a low number of samples.

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24
Q

Stratified sampling advantage

A

It can allow the investigator to get a better overall sample of the entire habitat.

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25
Q

Stratified sampling dsv

A

Estimates may not represent the habitat accurately and be a source of error in the investigation

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26
Q

Systematic sampling adv

A

This method allows investigators to choose the most suitable areas in a habitat to study and sample for most relevant results.

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27
Q

Systematic sampling dsv

A

This method can be biased since the investigator typically chooses areas to investigate.

28
Q

Accuracy

A

How close you are to the true or accepted value.

29
Q

Precision

A

How close the measurements are to each other.

30
Q

Taxonomy

A

How different organisms are split up into groups based on shared characteristics.

31
Q

Classic taxonomy

A

Where different organisms are split up based on morphology (what they look like.)

32
Q

Phylogenetics

A

The study of evolutionary history and relationships using DNA sequence data.

33
Q

Use of phylogenetic in classifying organisms

A

Phylogenetic uses DNA sequence data, morphology and protein structures to estimate when lineages diverged away from each other or converged.

34
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

A diagram which estimates when lineages diverged away from each other assuming mutations occur at a constant rate .

35
Q

Why may phylogenetic trees be inaccurate

A

Because phylogenetic trees assume mutations occur at a constant rate, and mutations are random + spontaneous.

36
Q

Divergent evolution

A

Where two species have an accumulation of differences between them and evolved from the same common ancestor to fill different niches in their respective environments.

37
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Where two species from different ancestor species evolve to have similar structures because they live in similar environments and niches

38
Q

Types of taxonomic groups

A

Nematodes, chordates, and arthropods.

39
Q

Model organisms

A

A species which has been studied extensively and allows us to predict the characteristics of similar organisms.

40
Q

Nematodes

A

A type of worm which acts as a parasite inside other organisms.

41
Q

Chordates

A

Animals with a spine

42
Q

Arthropods

A

Invertebrate insects

43
Q

Bacteria model organisms

A

E. Coli

44
Q

Flowering plant model org

A

Arabidopsis Thaliana

45
Q

Nematodes model org

A

C. Elegans

46
Q

Arthropod model org

A

Drosophila melanogaster

47
Q

Animals model organisms ( very confusing)

A

Chordates

48
Q

Importance of model organisms

A

To allow for scientists to predict an organisms characteristics based on similar organisms.

49
Q

Indicator species definition

A

A species which shows the environmental conditions of the ecosystem by being present or absent.

50
Q

Examples of indicator species

A

Lichen and crayfish

50
Q

Susceptible species

A

A species which is reduced or absent in an ecosystem due to its inability to survive in the environmental conditions.

51
Q

Favoured species def

A

A species which is present and I has a high population in an ecosystem due to environmental conditions which suit them.

52
Q

Estimate of population size formula

A

N=MC/R
N is population estimate
M is first sample captured and marked
C is second sample total
R is the number recaptured (second sample) with a mark.

53
Q

Process of population estimate

A

Capture a sample of population and mark them
Capture a second sample of the population and recode number of armed and not marked.

54
Q

Variables assumed to be constant in population estimate

A

Individuals chance of capture is equal.
No immigration or emigration between captures.

55
Q

Methods of marking

A

Banding
Tagging- remote tracking
Surgical implantation
Painting
Hair clipping.

56
Q

Behaviour definition

A

The observable response that an organism makes to an internal or external stimulus.

57
Q

Why is behaviour so difficult to study

A

It’s a very complex adaptation and involves many different variables which can’t be identified controlled or measured.

58
Q

Events

A

Short discrete behavioural actions like sneezing

59
Q

States

A

Long term behaviours such as sleeping.

60
Q

Ethograms definition

A

A detailed list of organism’s behaviours with descriptions

61
Q

Ethogram sampling types

A

Occurrence sampling
Focal sampling
Scan sampling

62
Q

Occurrence sampling

A

Noting the number of times a behaviour takes place by any animals present.

62
Q

Focal sampling

A

One individual is tracked noting all behaviours of the single organisms and the time which behaviours occur.

63
Q

Scan sampling

A

Where at specific time intervals the investigator records what each individual is doing.

64
Q

Quantitive data examples

A

Latency -interval between stimulus and response
Frequency - how often
Duration - how long it lasts for
Intensity - measure of energy used by organisms.

65
Q

Anthropomorphism def

A

Where human characteristics, behaviours or emotions are attributed to non human animals.

66
Q

Why is anthropomorphism bad

A

Because animals do not behave like humans

Advanced higher biology (11 decks)

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