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Advanced higher biology > 2.1 redone > Flashcards

2.1 redone Flashcards

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1
Q

Sampling types

A

Randomised
Stratified
Systematic

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2
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Where a sampler will choose the most suitable location to carry out sampling

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3
Q

Randomised sampling

A

Where the location for sampling is chosen using a method which means that one sample site has an equal probability of being chosen, compared to any other

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4
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Where a sampler will identify and estimate the size of different areas of the habitat. These areas will be separately sampled based on how much of the habitat they take up.

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5
Q

Advantage of stratified sampling

A

A more accurate sample of the whole area will be achieved

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6
Q

Disadvantage of stratified sampling

A

Estimating the size of different areas in the habitat is a source of error

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7
Q

Systematic sampling disadvantage

A

Can be seen a a biased method of sampling

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8
Q

Advantage of systematic sampling

A

Will provide the most relevant results for the investigation

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9
Q

Advantage of randomised sampling

A

There is no biased involved in the sampling

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10
Q

Disadvantage of randomised sampling

A

The samples may not be representative of the whole habitat, if too few samples are taken.

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11
Q

Accuracy

A

Where the result is close to the true value.

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12
Q

Precision

A

Where results are consistent.

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13
Q

Taxonomy

A

How different organisms are split up based on different characteristics

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14
Q

Phylogenetics

A

The study of evolutionary relationships and history using fossilised evidence and DNA sequence data

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14
Q

Classic taxonomy

A

Based on morphology

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15
Q

What does phylogenetics use

A

DNA sequence data
Protein structures
Morphology
Fossil evidence

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16
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

A graph which assumes mutations occur at a constant rate and is used to predict when evolutionary lines diverged.

17
Q

Inaccuracy of phylogenetic trees

A

They assume mutations occur at constant rate, however mutations are random and spontaneous

18
Q

Divergent evolution

A

Where two species with the same common ancestors evolve to have different structures, due to the species occupying different niches or environments.

19
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Where two species which have different ancestors evolve to have similar structures, due to the species occupying similar niches or similar environments.

20
Q

Taxonomic groups

A

Nematodes - parasitic worms
Chordates - animals with spines
Arthropods - insects and invertebrates

21
Q

Model organisms

A

A species which has been studied extensively and can be used to predict the characteristics of other species.

22
Q

Bacteria model organism

A

E. Coli

23
Q

Plant model organism

A

Arabidopsis Thaliana

24
Q

Nematode model organism

A

C. Elegans

25
Q

Mammal model organism

A

Chordata

26
Q

Arthropod model organism

A

Drosophila melanogaster

27
Q

Indicator species

A

A species which can inform biologists of environmental conditions and pollution level by its presence or absence.

28
Q

Susceptible species

A

A species which has a reduced or absent population due to unfavourable environmental factors

28
Q

Indicator species examples

A

Lichen and crayfish

29
Q

Favoured species

A

A species which has a high population due to beneficial environmental conditions.

30
Q

Population count formula

A

N = MC/R

M is captured and marked
C is total recaptured
R is recapture number

31
Q

Procedure for population estimate

A

Carry out capture and mark
Release
Carry out second capture

32
Q

Controlled variables in population estimate

A

Equal probability of finding marked or non marked individual on second capture
No immigration of emigration

32
Q

Behaviour definition

A

The observable response an organism makes to an external stimulus

33
Q

Difficulties of studying behaviour

A

It’s a complex adaptation individual to many species
It has many uncontrollable variables.

34
Q

Different between events and states

A

Events are brief and states are over long durations of time

35
Q

Ethogram

A

A detailed list of an organisms behaviours

36
Q

Samples for behaviours

A

Focal - one individual, note everything
Occurrence - when and how many times a behaviour occurs
Scan - note what all members are doing at specific time intervals

37
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data based on human evaluation

37
Q

Quantitive data

A

Data based on numerical results

38
Q

Anthropomorphism

A

Giving animals human characteristics, behaviours and emotion.
This is poor practice since other animals do not behave like humans.

Advanced higher biology (11 decks)

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