Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CPR II Exam II > (2.1) Renal Pathology 1: Renal and Male GU (Putthoff) > Flashcards

(2.1) Renal Pathology 1: Renal and Male GU (Putthoff) Flashcards

1
Q

General functions of the kidneys?

A
  • Excrete certain waste products of metabolsim
  • Regulates the body’s concentration of water, salt, calcium and phosphorous
  • Maintains acid balance of plasma
  • Serves as an endocrine organ
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

_________ is the most common cause of CRF/ESRD

__________ is the second most common cause

A

Diabetes is the most common cause of CRF/ESRD

High blood pressure is the second most common cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which kidney is higher? Left or right?

A

Left is higher!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a good spinal marker for the location of the kidneys?

A

T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why is the right kidney lower than the left?

A

Liver pushes down on the right kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do most diseases/disorders of the kidney present?

A

Hematuria

Proteinuria

Edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the single most important question to ask a patient suspected of having renal disease?

A

“Have you had this before?”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some of the common imaging techniques of the kidney and associated GU organs?

A

Ultrasonography

KUB - plain abdominal film

CT Scan

MRI, MRA

Radionuclide imaging

Renal angiography

Renal tomography

IVP

Retrograde pyelography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What techniques are used to evaluate the ureter, bladder or urethra?

A

Cystography

Voiding cytourethrography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some techniques utilized on renal biopsy material?

A

Light microscopy

Fluorescence microscopy

Electron microscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

State the commonly associated pathology with the anatomical structure:

Glomeruli =

Tubules =

Interstitium =

Vessels =

A

Glomeruli = Glomerulonephritis

Tubules = Bence-Jones protinuria

Interstitium = Fibrosis, inflammation or edema

Vessels = Vasculitis, nephrosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define:

Azotemia

A
  • Biochemical abnormality indicating an elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels
  • Usually related to a decreased GFR
  • Generally the result of renal disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can azotemia arise?

A

Arises from one of two categories:

1) Prerenal azotemia
2) Postrenal azotemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is prerenal azotemia?

A

Occurs after hypoperfusion of kidneys

Arises after shock, volume depletion and CHF that impairs renal function in the absence of primary renal parenchymal damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is postrenal azotemia?

A

Seen whenever urine flow is obstructed DISTAL to the calyces and renal pelvis

*Removal of obstruction corrects the azotemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is uremia?

A

Azotemia PLUS a constellation of clinical findings and biochemical abnormalities resulting from renal damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of uremia?

A
  • N/V, weight loss, fatigue, anorexia
  • Pruritus
  • Polydipsia
  • Electrolyte abnormalities
  • Encephalopathy
  • Bleeding manifestations due to platelet dysfuction
  • Pericarditis
  • Pleuritis/pleural effusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What’s a normal GFR rate?

A

90-120 mL/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is acute kidney injury (AKI)?

A
  • Rapid decline in GFR
  • SEVERE forms exhibit oliguria or anuria
  • May result from glomerular, interstitial, vascular or acute tubular injury (ATN)
  • Can be reversible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

A
  • Mild (clinically silent)
  • Defined with diminished GFR
  • Persistent albuminuria
  • CKD is generally irreversible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define:

End stage renal disease (ESRD)

A

GFR <5% of normal

End stage of uremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define:

Nephrotic syndrome

A

Glomerular disease characterized by severe proteinuria (more than 3.5 gm/day – (less in children)), hypoalbuminemia, severe edema, hyperlipidemia, and lipiduria

23
Q

Define:

Nephritic syndrome

A

Glomerular disease dominated by acute onset of grossly visible hematuria, mild to moderate proteinuria, and hypertension

24
Q

Define:

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGM)

A

Signs of nephritic syndrome with rapid delcine (days-weeks) in GFR

Implies severe glomerular injury

25
# Define: ## Footnote **Isolated urinary abnormalities**
Glomerular **hematuria** and/or subnephrotic range proteinuria
26
Associate the syndrome with the manifestations: Hematuria, azotemia, oliguria, edema, hypertension
Nephritic syndrome
27
Associate the syndrome with the manifestations: \>3.5 gm/day proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria
Nephrotic syndrome
28
Associate the syndrome with the manifestations: Acute nephritic, proteinuria, and acute renal failure
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
29
Associate the syndrome with the manifestations: Azotemia --\> uremia progressing for months to years
Chronic renal failure
30
Associate the syndrome with the manifestations: Glomerular hematuria and/or subnephrotic proteinuria
Isolated urinary abnormalities
31
What are the pathologic responses of the glomerulus to injury?
Hypercellularity (inflammatory, crescents) Basement membrane (thickening, deposits) Hyalinosis and Sclerosis
32
Descriptive patterns/distributions in the categorization of glomerular disorders: Diffuse?
Diffuse involves all glomeruli
33
Descriptive patterns/distributions in the categorization of glomerular disorders: Focal?
Focal involves only a subset of glomeruli
34
Descriptive patterns/distributions in the categorization of glomerular disorders: Segmental?
Segmental of **affected** glomeruli, only portions are involved
35
Descriptive patterns/distributions in the categorization of glomerular disorders: Global?
Global involves entire glomerulus
36
Table 20-5
Memorize? I guess. Sure.
37
LOOK UP THESE CONCEPT BOXES
Nephritic syndrome (key concepts page 913) Nephrotic syndrome (key concepts page 922) Isolated glomerular abnormalities (key concepts page 925)
38
What is the population commonly associated with **acute proliferative glomerulonephritis?**
Children
39
Describe **acute proliferatie glomerulonephritis** Signs?
Immune complex injury trigged by exogenous bacterial, viral or fungal antigen - Marked hypercellularity - Leukocyte infiltration
40
What do we commonly see in **acute proliferative glomerulonephritis** on electron microscopy?
Subepithelial "hump" of immune complex
41
What frequently causes **acute proliferative glomerulonephritis?**
Strep B
42
Describe the histologic differences b/w a normal glomerulus and a **RPGN** glomerulus
Collapsed, compacted glomerular tufts Crescent-shaped mass of proliferating visceral and parietal epithelial cells
43
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disese "Goodpasture syndrome" What is it?
Type 1 RPGN is an **anti-GBM antibody induced disease**, characterized by linear deposits of **IgG** and in many cases, **C3** in the GBM
44
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disese "Goodpasture syndrome" Clinically, what occurs?
Pulmonary hemorrhage occurs in addition to renal disease
45
# Define: ## Footnote **Nephrotic syndrome**
A renal syndrome in which the basic defect is **increased permeability of glomeruli to plasma proteins** Resulting in **PROTEINURIA**
46
What are the major clinical findings associated with **nephrotic syndrome?**
Severe proteinuria \>3.5gm/24hrs Hypoalbuminemia \<3.0gm/dL Edema Hyperlipidemia
47
Most common cause of **nephrotic syndrome** in primary glomerular disease in CHILDREN?
Minimal-change disease
48
What is the main difference b/w **primary** and **secondary renal disease?**
Primary: comes from **renal etiology** Seconday: comes from **systemic diseases** (DM, SLE)
49
Describe the histologic changes you'd see with **membranous glomerulopathy**
Marked diffuse thickening of capillary walls without increase in cellularity
50
What are the characteristics of **minimal change disease (MCD)?**
Edema Peak incidence b/w 2-6 y/o MCD is the most common cause of NS in children and may follow a respiratory infection or immunization
51
What is considered a therapy and diagnostic intervention for **minimal change disease (MCD)?**
Dramatic response to **corticosteroid therapy**
52
Yet another table to "memorize"
Yay.
53
Membranoproliferative GN (MPGN) is best considered a _______________ injury rather than a specific disease
Membranoproliferative GN (MPGN) is best considered a **pattern of immune-mediated injury** injury rather than a specific disease
54
\*Protip: Use Erik's flashcards for the details of the lecture. He made them based off of the robbins chapter

CPR II Exam II (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions