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Biology > 2.1. Eukaryotic cells - Key words > Flashcards

2.1. Eukaryotic cells - Key words Flashcards

1
Q

Light microscope

A

Tool that uses a beam of light and optical lenses to magnify specimens up to 1500 times life size

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2
Q

Electron microscope

A

Tool that uses a beam of e- & magnetic lenses to magnify specimens up to 500k times life size

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3
Q

Magnification

A

Measure of how much bigger the image you see is than the real object

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4
Q

Resolution

A

Measure of how close together two objects can be before they’re seen as one

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5
Q

Transmission electron micrographs (TEMs)

A

Micrographs produced by the e- microscope that give 2D images like those from a light microscope, but magnified up to 500k times

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6
Q

Scanning e- micrographs (SEMs)

A

Micrographs produced by the e- microscope that have a lower magnification than TEMs, but produce a 3D image

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7
Q

Organelles

A

Sub-cellular bodies found in the cytoplasm of cells

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8
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Group of organisms with cells that have the genetic material contained in a membrane-bound nucleus and also contain a number of membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts

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9
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Group of organisms including bacteria and blue-green algae that have a few organelles and do not have the genetic material contained in a membrane-bound nucleus

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10
Q

Cell surface membrane

A

Membrane that forms the outer boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell and controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

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11
Q

Vesicles

A

Membrane “bags” that hold secretions made in cells

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12
Q

Polar lipids

A

Lipids with one end attached to a polar group

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13
Q

Gated channels

A

Protein channels through the lipid bilayer of a membrane that are opened or closed, depending on conditions in the cell

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14
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Current model of the structure of the cell membrane including floating proteins forming pores, channels and carrier systems in a lipid bilayer

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly-life liquid that makes up the bulk of the cell and contains the organelles

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16
Q

Nucleus

A

Organelle containing the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, as well as protein, surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores

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17
Q

Protoplasm

A

Cytoplasm and nucleus combined

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18
Q

Ultrastructure

A

Detailed organisation of the cell, only visible using the e- microscope.

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19
Q

Intracellular

A

Inside a cell

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20
Q

Chromatin

A

Granular combination of DNA bonded to protein found in the nucleus when the cell is not actively dividing

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21
Q

Nucleolus

A

Extra dense area of almost pure DNA and protein found in the nucleus involved in the production of ribosomes and control of growth and cell division

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22
Q

Mitochondria

A

Rod-like structures with inner and outer membranes that are the site of aerobic respiration

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23
Q

Cristae

A

Infoldings of the inner membrane of the mitochondria which provide a large surface area for the reactions of aerobic respiration

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24
Q

Eubacteria

A

True bacteria (prokaryotic organisms)

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25
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

Theory that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as independent prokaryotic organisms that began living symbiotically inside other cells as endosymbionts

26
Q

Centrioles

A

Bundles of tubules found near the nucleus and involved in cell division by the production of a spindle of microtubules that move the chromosomes to the ends of the cell

27
Q

Spindle

A

Set of overlapping protein microtubules running the length of the cell, formed as the centrioles pull apart in mitosis and meiosis

28
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Dynamic, 3D web-like structure made up of microfilaments and microtubules that fills the cytoplasm and gives it structure, keeping the organelles in place and enabling cell movements and transport within the cell

29
Q

Microfilaments

A

Protein fibres that make up part of the structure of the cytoskeleton

30
Q

Microtubules

A

Tiny protein tubes about 20 nm in diameter that make up part of the structure of the cytoskeleton

31
Q

Vacuole

A

Fluid-filled cavity within the cytoplasm of a cell surrounded by a membrane

32
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

Vacuoles that can fill and empty to hep control the concentration of the cytoplasm of simple freshwater animals

33
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

3D network of membrane-bound cavities in the cytoplasm that links to the nuclear membrane and makes up large part of the cellular transport system as well as playing an important role in the synthesis of many different chemicals

34
Q

80S ribosomes

A

Main type of ribosome found in eukaryotic cells, consisting of rRNA and protein, made up of a 60S and 40S subunit. They are the site of protein synthesis

35
Q

70S ribosomes

A

Found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and in prokaryotic organisms

36
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

Endoplasmic reticulum that is covered in 80S ribosomes and which is involved in the production and transport of proteins

37
Q

Exocytosis

A

Energy-requiring process by which a vesicle fuses with the cell surface membrane so the contents are released to the outside of the cell

38
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

Smooth tubular structure similar to RER, but without the ribosomes, which is involved in the synthesis and transport of steroids and lipids in the cell

39
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Consists of stacks of membranes that modify proteins made elsewhere in the cell and package them into vesicles for transport, and also produce materials for plant cell walls and insect cuticles

40
Q

Lysosome

A

Organelle full of digestive enzymes used to break down worn out cells or organelles, or digest food in simple organisms

41
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death - the breakdown of worn out, damaged or diseased cells by the lysosomes

42
Q

Cell wall

A

Freely permeable wall around plan cells, made mainly of cellulose

43
Q

Suberin

A

Chemical that impregnates cellulose cell walls in cork tissues and makes them impermeable

44
Q

Lignin

A

Chemical that impregnates cellulose walls in wood and makes it impermeable

45
Q

Middle lamella

A

First layer of the plant cell walls to formed when a plant cell divides, made mainly of calcium pectate that binds the layers of cellulose together

46
Q

Pectin

A

Polysaccharide that holds cell walls of neighbouring plant cells together and is part of the structure of the primary cell wall

47
Q

Primary cell wall

A

First very flexible plant cell wall to form, with all the cellulose microfibrils orientated in a similar direction

48
Q

Secondary cell wall

A

Older plant cell in which the cellulose microfibrils have built up at different angles to each other making the cell wall more rigid

49
Q

Plant fibres

A

Long cells with cellulose cell walls that have been heavily lignified so they are rigid and very strong

50
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Cytoplasmic bridges between plant cells that allow communication between the cells

51
Q

Symplast

A

Interconnected cytoplasm of plant cells, connected by plasmodesmata

52
Q

Tonoplast

A

Specialised membrane that surrounds the permanent vacuole in plant cells and controls movements of substances into and out of the cell sap

53
Q

Cell sap

A

Aq solution that fills the permanent vacuole

54
Q

Osmosis

A

Specialised form of diffusion that involves the movement of solvent molecules down a concentration gradient through a partially permeable membrane

55
Q

Chloroplast

A

Organelle adapted to carry out photosynthesis, containing the green pigment chlorophyll

56
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Green pigment that is largely responsible for trapping the energy from light, making it available for the plant to use in photosynthesis

57
Q

Amyloplasts

A

Plant organelles that store starch

58
Q

Tissue

A

Group of specialised cells carrying out a particular function in the body

59
Q

Organ

A

Structure made up of several different types of tissues grouped together to carry out a particular function in the body

60
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Tissues that form the lining of surfaces inside and outside the body

61
Q

Organ system

A

A group of organs working together to carry out particular functions in the body

Biology (6 decks)

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