1.2. Biological molecules - Key words

Question 1

Monomers

Answer 1

Small molecule that is a single unit of a larger molecule called a polymer

Question 2

Polymer

Answer 2

Long chain molecule made up of many smaller repeating monomer units joined together by chemical bonds

Question 3

Macromolecule

Answer 3

Very large molecule formed by polimerisation

Question 4

Starch

Answer 4

Long chain polymer formed of α-glucose monomers

Question 5

Sucrose

Answer 5

Sweet tasting disaccharide formed by α-glucose + fructose by glycosidic bonds

Question 6

Glucose

Answer 6

An hexose sugar

Question 7

Monosaccharide

Answer 7

Single sugar monomer

Question 8

Disaccharide

Answer 8

Sugar made up of 2 monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds in a condensation reaction

Question 9

Polysaccharide

Answer 9

Polymer made up of LOOOOOOONG chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds

Question 10

Triose

Answer 10

Sugar with 3 carbon atoms

Question 11

Pentose

Answer 11

Sugar with 5 carbon atoms

Question 12

Hexose

Answer 12

Sugar with 6 carbon atoms

Question 13

Isomers

Answer 13

Molecules that have the same chemical formula, but different molecular structures

Question 14

Condensation reaction

Answer 14

Reaction in which a molecule of water is removed from the reacting molecules as a bond is formed between them

Question 15

Glycosidic bond

Answer 15

Covalent bond formed from 2 monosaccharide in a condensation reaction

Question 16

Reducing sugars

Answer 16

Sugars that react with blue Benedict’s solution & reduce Copper (II) ions to Copper (I) ions giving an orange-red precipitate

Question 17

Non-reducing sugars

Answer 17

Sugars that do NOT react with Benedict’s solution

Question 18

Oligosaccharides

Answer 18

Molecules with 3-10 monosaccharide units

Question 19

Hydrolysis

Answer 19

Bonds break by adding water

Question 20

Amylose

Answer 20

Glucose monomers
1,4 glycosidic bonds
Unbranched

Question 21

Amylopectin

Answer 21

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

Branched

Question 22

Glycogen

Answer 22

Made of α-glucose.
Glycosidic bonds at 1,4 and 1,6
Branched

Question 23

Cellulose

Answer 23

β-glucose
1,4 glycosidic bonds
Important in plants’ cell walls

Question 24

Lipids

Answer 24

Organic molecules important in cell membranes and for energy storage.

Question 25

Fatty acid

Answer 25

Organic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain

Question 26

Ester bond

Answer 26

A bond formed in a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group (-COOH) of a fatty acid and the hydroxyl group (-OH) of glycerol

Question 27

Unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 27

Their hydrocarbon chain has double covalent bonds

Question 28

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 28

Their hydrocarbon chain has single covalent bonds only

Question 29

Monounsaturated

Answer 29

Only one double bond is present

Question 30

Polyunsaturated

Answer 30

More than one double bond is present

Question 31

Esterification

Answer 31

Making ester bonds

Question 32

Phospholipid

Answer 32

Chemical in which glycerol bonds with two fatty acids and an inorganic phosphate group

Question 33

Hydrophilic

Answer 33

Molecules dissolve readily in water

Question 34

Hydrophobic

Answer 34

Molecules will NOT dissolve in water

Question 35

Monolayer

Answer 35

Single closely packed layer of atoms or molecules

Question 36

Bilayer

Answer 36

Double layer of closely packed layers of atoms or molecules

Question 37

Micelle

Answer 37

Spherical aggregate of molecules in water with hydrophobic areas in the middle and hydrophilic areas outside

Question 38

Unit membrane

Answer 38

Bilayer structure formed by phospholipids in an aq environment, with the hydrophobic tails in the middle and the hydrophilic heads on the outside

Question 39

Amino acids

Answer 39

Building blocks of proteins, consisting of an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to a carbon atom and an R group that varies between amino acids

Question 40

Peptide bond

Answer 40

Bond formed by condensation reactions between amino acids

Question 41

Dipeptide bond

Answer 41

Two amino acids joined together by a peptide bond

Question 42

Polypeptide

Answer 42

Long chain of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

Question 43

Fibrous proteins

Answer 43

Proteins that have long, parallel polypeptide chains with occasional cross-linkages that form into fibres, but with little tertiary structure

Question 44

Disulfide bond

Answer 44

Strong covalent bond formed as a result of an oxidation reaction between Sulfur groups in cysteine or methionine molecules, which are close together in the structure of a popypeptide

Question 45

Globular proteins

Answer 45

Large proteins with complex tertiary and sometimes quaternary structures, folded into spherical shapes

Question 46

Haemoglobin

Answer 46

Large conjugated protein involved in transporting oxygen in the blood, and gives the erythrocytes their red color

Question 47

Collagen

Answer 47

Strong fibrous protein with a triple helix structure

Question 48

Denaturation

Answer 48

Loss of the 3D shape of a protein

Question 49

Prosthetic group

Answer 49

Molecule that is incorporated in a conjugated protein

Question 50

Glycoprotein

Answer 50

Protein with a carbohydrate prosthetic group

Question 51

Protease

Answer 51

Protein-digesting enzyme

Question 52

Lipoprotein

Answer 52

Protein with a lipid prosthetic group