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Biology > 1.2. Biological molecules - Key words > Flashcards

1.2. Biological molecules - Key words Flashcards

1
Q

Monomers

A

Small molecule that is a single unit of a larger molecule called a polymer

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2
Q

Polymer

A

Long chain molecule made up of many smaller repeating monomer units joined together by chemical bonds

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3
Q

Macromolecule

A

Very large molecule formed by polimerisation

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4
Q

Starch

A

Long chain polymer formed of α-glucose monomers

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5
Q

Sucrose

A

Sweet tasting disaccharide formed by α-glucose + fructose by glycosidic bonds

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6
Q

Glucose

A

An hexose sugar

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7
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Single sugar monomer

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8
Q

Disaccharide

A

Sugar made up of 2 monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds in a condensation reaction

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9
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Polymer made up of LOOOOOOONG chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds

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10
Q

Triose

A

Sugar with 3 carbon atoms

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11
Q

Pentose

A

Sugar with 5 carbon atoms

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12
Q

Hexose

A

Sugar with 6 carbon atoms

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13
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules that have the same chemical formula, but different molecular structures

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14
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Reaction in which a molecule of water is removed from the reacting molecules as a bond is formed between them

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15
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Covalent bond formed from 2 monosaccharide in a condensation reaction

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16
Q

Reducing sugars

A

Sugars that react with blue Benedict’s solution & reduce Copper (II) ions to Copper (I) ions giving an orange-red precipitate

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17
Q

Non-reducing sugars

A

Sugars that do NOT react with Benedict’s solution

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18
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Molecules with 3-10 monosaccharide units

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19
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Bonds break by adding water

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20
Q

Amylose

A

Glucose monomers
1,4 glycosidic bonds
Unbranched

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21
Q

Amylopectin

A

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

Branched

22
Q

Glycogen

A

Made of α-glucose.
Glycosidic bonds at 1,4 and 1,6
Branched

23
Q

Cellulose

A

β-glucose
1,4 glycosidic bonds
Important in plants’ cell walls

24
Q

Lipids

A

Organic molecules important in cell membranes and for energy storage.

25
Q

Fatty acid

A

Organic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain

26
Q

Ester bond

A

A bond formed in a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group (-COOH) of a fatty acid and the hydroxyl group (-OH) of glycerol

27
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

Their hydrocarbon chain has double covalent bonds

28
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

Their hydrocarbon chain has single covalent bonds only

29
Q

Monounsaturated

A

Only one double bond is present

30
Q

Polyunsaturated

A

More than one double bond is present

31
Q

Esterification

A

Making ester bonds

32
Q

Phospholipid

A

Chemical in which glycerol bonds with two fatty acids and an inorganic phosphate group

33
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Molecules dissolve readily in water

34
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Molecules will NOT dissolve in water

35
Q

Monolayer

A

Single closely packed layer of atoms or molecules

36
Q

Bilayer

A

Double layer of closely packed layers of atoms or molecules

37
Q

Micelle

A

Spherical aggregate of molecules in water with hydrophobic areas in the middle and hydrophilic areas outside

38
Q

Unit membrane

A

Bilayer structure formed by phospholipids in an aq environment, with the hydrophobic tails in the middle and the hydrophilic heads on the outside

39
Q

Amino acids

A

Building blocks of proteins, consisting of an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to a carbon atom and an R group that varies between amino acids

40
Q

Peptide bond

A

Bond formed by condensation reactions between amino acids

41
Q

Dipeptide bond

A

Two amino acids joined together by a peptide bond

42
Q

Polypeptide

A

Long chain of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

43
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

Proteins that have long, parallel polypeptide chains with occasional cross-linkages that form into fibres, but with little tertiary structure

44
Q

Disulfide bond

A

Strong covalent bond formed as a result of an oxidation reaction between Sulfur groups in cysteine or methionine molecules, which are close together in the structure of a popypeptide

45
Q

Globular proteins

A

Large proteins with complex tertiary and sometimes quaternary structures, folded into spherical shapes

46
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Large conjugated protein involved in transporting oxygen in the blood, and gives the erythrocytes their red color

47
Q

Collagen

A

Strong fibrous protein with a triple helix structure

48
Q

Denaturation

A

Loss of the 3D shape of a protein

49
Q

Prosthetic group

A

Molecule that is incorporated in a conjugated protein

50
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Protein with a carbohydrate prosthetic group

51
Q

Protease

A

Protein-digesting enzyme

52
Q

Lipoprotein

A

Protein with a lipid prosthetic group

Biology (6 decks)

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