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Biology A-Level > 2.1 eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

2.1 eukaryotic cells Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the difference between magnification and resolution

A

magnification is a measure of how much bigger the image is in comparison to the real object, whilst resolution is a measure of how close two objects can be together before we can see them as one

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2
Q

what is the magnification and resolution of:
- a light microscope
- an electron microscope

A

light
-mag: 1500X, res: 200 nano meters
electron
-mag: 500 000, res: 0.1-1 nano meter

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3
Q

why do people stain things before viewing them under the microscope

A

-it is used particular types, or different parts of the cell under the microscope, the cell absorbs this stain and enhances the visualisation

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4
Q

name 3 advantages and two disadvantages of using a light microscope

A

ADVANTAGES
-can see living plants and animals and their parts directly, so you can compare slides with living tissue
-relatively cheap, which makes them more available for schools and universities ect.
-they’re light and portable so can be used anywhere

DISADVANTAGES
-limited resolution and magnification
-preservation and staining tissue can produce artefacts in the tissue being observed which will affect the image

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5
Q

how does an electron microscope work

A

the electrons form an image by being scattered by the specimen. The electromagnetic or electrostatic lenses focus the electron beam to form an image.

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6
Q

what are the conditions needed for an electron microscope to work

A
  1. the specimen must be in a vacuum
  2. could involve chemical preservation, freeze drying, dehydration etc.
  3. stained using heavy metal ions
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7
Q

why are specimens going under an electron microscope stained with heavy metal ions

A

to improve the scattering of the electrons to make greater contrast in the image, ultimately making it easier to interpret

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8
Q

name and explain the two types of electron micrographs

A

transmission electron micrographs, 2D images
scanning electron micrographs, lower magnification but 3D

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9
Q

give an advantage and four disadvantages of using an electron microscope

A

ADVANTAGE
-huge powers of magnification and resolution, can see cell structure and tissues in much more detail

DISADVANTAGE
-all specimens are examined in a vacuum
-specimens undergo severe preparation treatment which is likely to result in artefacts
-extremely expensive
-large, and must be kept at constant temperature and pressure

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10
Q

what is the job if the cell surface membrane

A

to control what goes in and out of the cell

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11
Q

describe the structure of the phospholipid bilayer

A

the phospholipids in the membrane form a bilayer or a unit membrane. The lipids are polar lipids and phospholipids
with water on each side
hydrophilic heads pointing towards the water, shielding their hydrophobic tails

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12
Q

what are the two main function of the membrane proteins

A
  • they move channels across the membrane, form pores that allow specific molecules to move through that open and shut based on the conditions of the cell (gated channels)
  • they can act as receptor molecules, making cells sensitive to a particular hormone e.g enzymes
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13
Q

what is the function of membranes of the cell and membranes in the cell

A

They control the movement of substances
localise enzyme reaction pathways

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14
Q

whats the name of cytoplasm + nucleus

A

protoplasm

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15
Q

describe the nucleus and its function

A

surrounded by a nuclear membrane and contains nuclear pores, the nuclear envelope. so chemicals can pass in and out which allows the nucleus to control the events in the cytoplasm

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16
Q

what is the nucleolus and its function

A

extra dense area of almost just pure DNA and protein, it is involved with the production of ribosomes and plays a part in cell growth and division

17
Q

describe the structure and function of the mitochondria

A

1 micro meter wide and up to 10 micro meters long
it produces ATP through the oxidation of simple molecules through cellular respiration
it has an outer and inner membrane, and the inner one is folded to form cristae which gives it a very large surface area

18
Q

how do mitochondria contribute to the endosymbiotic theory

A

Mitochondria have their own DNA, and since scientists believe that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as a single eubacteria, it is proof of evolution

19
Q

describe the structure and function of the centrioles

A

usually a pair near the nucleus , made up of a bundle of tubules
when a cell divides, centrioles pull apart the spindle of micro tubules that are involved in the movement of chromosomes

20
Q

describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton

A

3D web like structure that fills the cytoplasm, made up of microfilaments and microtubules
It gives the cytoplasm structure and keeps the organelles in place

21
Q

describe the structure and function of vacuoles in animal cells

A

they are membrane lined enclosures that are formed and lost as needed

22
Q

why are contractile vacuoles important to animals that live in bodies of water

A

the allow the water content of the cytoplasm to be controlled

23
Q

name the types of ribosomes, where their found, and their structure and function

A

-70S, found in prokaryotic cells and chloroplast
-80S cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
- consist of a large sub unit and a small sub unit and are the organelles on which protein synthesis takes place

24
Q

describe the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

it is covered in ribosomes, that make proteins
RER isolates and transports them
has a large surface area for the synthesis of all the proteins
stores and transports them

25
Q

describe the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

involved in synthesis and transport of steroids and lipids

26
Q

describe the structure and function of the golgi apparatus

A

made up of stacks of parallel flattened membrane (cisternae)
proteins are brought to the golgi by vesicles and and the protein enters the golgi sacs of membrane and are modified

27
Q

describe the structure and function of a lysosome

A

they are dark spherical bodies in the cytoplasm of most cells and contain a powerful mix of digestive enzymes
if a cell is wearing out, has a mutation etc, lysosomes may rupture which releases the enzymes which destroys the cell (apoptosis)

28
Q

describe the structure and function of a plant cell wall

A

it is largely made up of insoluble cellulose, consists of several layers and is largely made of pectin
gives plant cells their strength and support, and water and substances dissolved in water are able to pass through it

29
Q

name the substances that can strengthen the plant cell wall

A

suberin and lignin, decrease the permeability

30
Q

what is plasmodesmata and what is its function

A

cytoplasmic bridges between the cells where intercellular exchanges take place
thread of cytoplasm between cell walls

31
Q

name the structure and multitude of functions of a vacuole in a plant cell

A

fluid filled space inside the cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane, they are permanent in plant cells and are surrounded by the tonoplast
the solution inside the vacuole causes water to move into the cell by osmosis, keeps the cell turgid
vacuole used for: storage of different substances, store pigments, store proteins, store waste and other materials

32
Q

describe the structure and function of chloroplasts

A

chloroplasts enable plants to make their own food and contain chlorophyll, which absorb the light needed for photosynthesis

contain ribosomes, starch grains, thylakoids with granum, lipid droplets, stroma (liquid) with an inner and outer membrane

33
Q

describe the function of amyloplasts and state where they are found

A

they are specialised PLANT organelles, developed from leucoplasts and can be converted to glucose to provide energy

34
Q

describe the structure and function of bodily tissues and name examples

A

tissues are groups of similar cells that develop from the same type of cell
examples are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

35
Q

define an organ

A

a structure made up of several different tissues that effectively work together to carry out a particular function

36
Q

define a system

A

a number of organs working together to carry out large scale functions in the body

Biology A-Level (25 decks)

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