1.2 biological molecules 1 Flashcards
what do organic compounds contain
all organic compounds contain carbon atoms, they also contain hydrogen, oxygen and less frequently nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorous
what are carbohydrates used for
storing energy in plants, fungi and bacteria, and forming an important part of the cell wall
what are the different forms of a molecule called,
and draw the two different structures of glucose and label them
-isomers
-alpha glucose - hydrogen at the top on the right hand side
-beta glucose - hydrogen on the bottom on the left hand side
what is a dissaccharide, how is it made and give an example of one
a disaccharide is two monosaccharides joined together in a condensation reaction, and a molecule of water is removed. The link between them is a glycosidic bond (covalent bond)
what are the different monosaccharides that make up the following disaccharides:
-sucrose
-lactose
-maltose
1.a-glucose + fructose
2.a-glucose + B- galactose
3.a-glucose + a-glucose
what is the difference between monosaccharides and oligosaccharides
molecules with 3-10 sugar units are oligosaccharides whilst molecules with 11+ units are monosaccharides
how does the structure of polysaccharides make the ideal storage molecules
-they form compact molecules, so many of them can be stored in a cell
-the glycosidic bonds between them can be broken down easily to allow the quick release on monosaccharide units for cellular respiration
what the name of the process of breaking glycosidic bonds, and where it takes place
hydrolysis, hydrolysis takes place during digestion in the gut and in the muscle and liver cells when carbohydrate stores are broken down to release sugars for cellular respiration
what is starch made up of, in detail
starch is made up of long chains of alpha glucose, and if looked at more closely, it’s made up of a mixture of two compounds
amylose- unbranched polymer, as the chain lengthens, the molecule spirals which makes it very compact for storage
amylopectin- branched polymer of glucose molecules that can be broken off rapidly when energy is needed
what kind of bonds are amylose and amylopectin made up of
amylose is made of 1-4 glycosidic bonds, which is why they’re unbranched
amylopectin is made up of 1-4 glycosidic bonds and the occasional 1-6 glycosidic bonds every 25-30 units, that change the properties of the molecule
what is the effect of starch being made up of both amylose and amylopectin
the combination explains why carbohydrate foods are good for you when doing sport. The amylose releases sugar for cellular respiration slowly over a long period which allows you to continue going for longer, and the amylopectin releases glucose rapidly when needed.
what is glycogen
Glycogen is the only carbohydrate energy store found in animals, it is also an important storage carbohydrate in fungi
why is glycogen an ideal source of glucose for active tissues with a high rate of cellular respiration
It is chemically similar to amylopectin, it is compact and has more 1-6 glycosidic bonds, giving it many side branches, so it can be broken down vert quickly, (also made up of alpha glucose)
why are polysaccharides important in plants
They are the main energy storage material
why is cellulose important in plants and what is it made of
The cell wall gives plant cells their structural strength and support, and is mostly made of insoluble cellulose
It consists of long chains of beta glucose made of 1-4 glycosidic bonds
why is cellulose a material of considerable strength
this is because it is made up of beta glucose, so for the monomers to bond, one of the units must be inverted. This means that hydrogen bonds can form between partially positively charges hydrogen atoms and the partially negatively charged oxygen atoms.
This is called cross-linking
cellulose molecules do not coil, they remain straight
State an example of each and state the difference between fats and oils
A fat (butter) , is solid at room temperature, whilst an oil (olive oil) is liquid at room temperature
Name the two types of organic chemicals that fats are made up of and the bonds between them
they are both joined by ester bonds
-fatty acids
-glycerol
state the types of saturated and unsaturated fats and explain them
saturated- each carbon is joined to the neighbouring hydrogen by a single covalent bond
unsaturated- the carbon chains have one or more double bond
monounsaturated- one double bond
polyunsaturated- more than one double bond
describe in detail how fat or oil would be formed
it would be the result of glycerol combining with 1, 2 or 3 fatty acids to make a mono, di, or tri -glyceride.
a bond is formed in the condensation reaction between the carboxyl group pf a fatty acid (COOH) and they hydroxyl group of the glycerol (OH), a molecule pf water is removed resulting in an ester bond