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Biology: Module 2, Foundations in Biology > 2.1 cell structure > Flashcards

2.1 cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of organisms are prokaryotes

A

single celled organisms

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2
Q

in animal cells there are 11 organelles, what are they

A

plasma membrane, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus, nucleus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, ribosomes, nuclear envolope, golgi apparatus, cytoplasm and mitochondrion

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3
Q

there are 4 organelles in plant cells that are not in animal cells, what are they

A

chloroplasts, plasmodesma, vacuole, cell wall

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4
Q

what is the description of the plasma membrane

A

membrane found on the surface of animal cells and inside of the cell wall on plant cells,. It is made of lipids and proteins in a fluid mozaic structure. Also called the phospholipid bilayer

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5
Q

what is the function of the plasma membrane

A

allow substances in and out of the cell and respond to chemicals with receptor molecules.

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6
Q

what is the description of a cell wall

A

a rigid structure that surrounds plant cells, mainly made of the carbohydrate cellulose

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7
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A

to support plant cells

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8
Q

what is inside of the nucleus

A

the nucleolus and chromatin

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9
Q

what surrounds the nucleus

A

the nuclear envolope

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10
Q

what is chromatin made up from

A

DNA and proteins

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11
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus

A

make ribosomes

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12
Q

what is a description of a lysosome

A

a round orgnelle surrounded by a membrane

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13
Q

what does a lysosome contain and what does this do

A

it contains powerful digestive enzymes that can digest invading cells and break down worn out components

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14
Q

what wo things do ribosomes have

A

a small subunit and a large subunit

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15
Q

what is the function of a ribosome

A

site where proteins are made

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16
Q

what is a description of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

system of membranes covered in robosomes, enclosing an fluid filled space.

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17
Q

what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

to fold and process synthesised proteins

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18
Q

what is a description of a smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space

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19
Q

what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

to process and synthesise lipids

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20
Q

describe a vesicle

A

small fluid filled sac surrounded by as plasma membrane

21
Q

what does a vesicle do

A

transport substances around a cell or out of the plasma membrane

22
Q

describe the golgi apparatus

A

a group of fluid filled, membrane bound, flattened sacs.

23
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

A

the process and package new lipids and proteins and make lysosomes

24
Q

describe a mitochondrion

A

they have a double membrane, of which the inner is folded to form the cristae. within the membranes is the matrix containing enzymes involved in respiration.

25
Q

what is the function of a mitochondrion

A

site of aerobic respiration, where ATP is produced

26
Q

what is the plural of granum and lamella

A

grana and lamellae

27
Q

describe a chloroplast

A

flattened structure surrounded by a double membrane. within it is more membranes called thylakoid membranes which are stacked to form grana linked by lamellae

28
Q

what is the function of a chloroplast

A

site where photosynthesis takes place

29
Q

describe the centriole

A

hollow cylenders made of microtubles, at right angles to eachover

30
Q

what does the centriole do

A

seperate the chromosomes during cell division

31
Q

describe cilia

A

hair like structures with an outer membrane with a ring of 9 microtubles and 2 in the centre

32
Q

what does the cilia do

A

move substances along the cell surface

33
Q

what is a flagella what does it do

A

like a cilia but points out of a cell contract to move the cell

34
Q

where are proteins made to be exctreted made

A

ribosomes on the RER

35
Q

what is the cytoskeleton

A

netword of protein threads arranged as microfiliments and microtubles

36
Q

what are the 4 main functions of the cytoskeleton

A

support organelles keeping them in position
strengthen the cell
move materials within the cell
move cilia and flagellum

37
Q

what shpe is DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes: circular
eukaryotes: linear

38
Q

magnification equation

A

magnification = image size / actual size

39
Q

what is the magnification and maximum magnification of a light microscope

A

0.2 micrometres (um) and X1500

40
Q

what is the magnification and maximum magnification of a scanning electron microscope

A

0.002um and >X500,000

41
Q

what is the magnification and maximum magnification of a transmission electron microscope

A

0.0002um and X1,000,000

42
Q

methylene blue -what does it stain and what colour is produced

A

DNA, RNA
dark blue

43
Q

iodine -what does it stain and what colour is produced

A

living plant cells
very dark blue

44
Q

acidified phloroglucinol -what does it stain and what colour is produced

A

lignin of xylem cell
bright red

45
Q

acetic ocein -what does it stain and what colour is produced

A

nuclei and chromosomes
red

46
Q

eosin -what does it stain and what colour is produced

A

dead cells cytoplasms and some organelles
pink

47
Q

light green -what does it stain and what colour is produced

A

plant cell walls
green

48
Q

when staining for electron microscopes what is the specimin dipped in

A

heavy metals (such as lead)

Biology: Module 2, Foundations in Biology (3 decks)

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