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bio a-level > 2.1 cell structure > Flashcards

2.1 cell structure Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

list all the structures in an animal cell

A
  • surface cell membrane
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes 80s
  • smooth ER
  • rough ER
  • centrioles
  • cytoskeleton
  • cytoplasm
  • golgi appratus
  • lysosome
  • nucleolus
  • nucelar pore
  • nuclear envelope
  • (flagella)
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2
Q

list all the structures in a plant cell

A
  • surface cell membrane
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes 80s
  • smooth ER
  • rough ER
  • centrioles
  • cytoskeleton
  • cytoplasm
  • golgi appratus
  • lysosome
  • nucleolus
  • nucelar pore
  • nuclear envelope
  • cell wall
  • vacuole
  • chloroplast
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3
Q

list all the sturctures in a bascteria cell

A
  • cell sruface membrane
  • cell wall
  • cytoplasm
  • slimy capsule
  • circular DNA
  • ribosome 70s
  • plasmids
  • flagella
  • pili
  • infolding cell membrane
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4
Q

describe function/properties of cell wall

A
  • rigid dturtcure that surroudn the cell
  • in plants made of cellulose
  • in bacteria made of murein/peptidoglycan
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5
Q

describe function/properties of cell membrane

A
  • found on surface of animal cells, just inside plant and bacteria cells
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • regulates movement of subtances into and out of cell
  • have receptor molecules which allow ot repond to chemicals
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6
Q

describe function/properties of mitochnodria

A
  • usually oval-shaped
  • have a double membrane - inner one folds to form cristae which increases sruafec area to increase rate of reactions
  • inside is matrix which containes enzymes involved in respiration
  • site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced
  • found in large numbers in cells that are very active ad require a lot fo energy eg. sperm
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7
Q

describe function/properties of ribosomes

A
  • very small organells
  • 80s in plant and animal
  • 70s in bacteria cells
  • eitehr float in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER
  • made up of protiens and RNA
  • not surrounded by membrane
  • site of proteinsynthesis
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8
Q

describe function/properties of smooth ER

A
  • system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space
  • synthesise and process lipids and carbohydrates
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9
Q

describe function/properties of rough ER

A
  • system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space
  • covered in ribosomes
  • synthesise and process proteins to the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures that have been made at the ribosomes
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10
Q

describe function/properties of nucleolus

A
  • most concentrated part of chromatin in the nucleus
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11
Q

describe function/properties of nuclear envelope

A
  • double membrane surrounding the chromatin and nucleolus
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12
Q

describe function/properties of nuclear popres

A
  • holes in the nuclear envelope which allow for mRNA to leave the nucleus to the ribosomes
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13
Q

describe function/properties of golgi appratus

A
  • a group of fluid-filled membrane bound flagttened sacs
  • vesciles are released at the edges carrying proteins and lipids out of the cell
  • further processes, synthesisis and packages protiens andlipids
  • has a trans face and cis face
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14
Q

describe function/properties of centriole

A
  • small hollow cylider made of microtubules
  • found in animal cells eg sperm in flagella and cillia
  • involved with the seperation of chromosomes during cell division
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15
Q

**

describe function/properties of cytoskeleton

A
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16
Q

describe function/properties of cytoplasm

A
  • galetinous liquid inside cells
  • site of chemical reactions
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17
Q

describe function/properties of vesicles

A
  • small fluid filled sace in the cytoplasm surrounded by phospholid membrane
  • transports subtances in and out of cell and between organells
  • some formed by golig apparatus or the endoplasmic rectilium whilst oither formed at cell surface
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18
Q

describe function/properties of lysosome

A
  • round organells surounded by a phsopholipid membrane with mo clear intenral structre
  • contain digestuve enzymes to digest invading cells or to break down worn out component of cell
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19
Q

describe function/properties of chloroplast

A
  • small flattened strctre found in plant cells
  • surrounded by double membrane - membrane called thylakoid
  • thylakoid stacks up on one another to form granae, linked by lamallae (thin long pieces of thylakoid membrane)
20
Q

describe function/properties of circular DNA

A
  • singular strand of circular DNA dformign a closed loop
  • contaisn genetci information for bascteria cell
21
Q

describe function/properties of plasmid

A
  • small circular rings of NDA, contain genes that can be passed between cells using pilli
22
Q

describe function/properties of pili

A
  • used for attacgemtn to otehr cells or surfaces involved in sexual reproduction
  • can transfer plasmids between cells
  • introcellular communucation
23
Q

describe function/properties of slimy capsule

A
  • helps protect from drying out and from attacsk of other cellls of host organsim
24
Q

1.

describe function/properties of infolding cell membrane

A
  • increases surface area for chemical reactions
  • eg. some bacteria cells have chloroplast so may increasing rate of photsynthesis
24
Q

describe function/properties of flagellum

A
  • long hair like strctures that rotate enabling the prokaryote to move
24
Q

defintion of magnification

A
  • the degree to which the size of an image is bigger than the real object
25
Q

magnification =

A

image/actual

26
Q

defintion of resolution

A

the smallest distance that two obejcts can be apart whilst appearign as two objects

27
Q

info about ligth microscopes

A
  • uses light
  • used to look at living cells
  • resolution - 0.2micrometers
  • magnifcation - x1500
  • stainign can be used to easily idtentify organelles
28
Q

pros and cons of light microscopes

A

pro:
- Cheap
- Easy to use
- Can view living tissue
- can be used to view eukarytoic cells, nuceli prossibel mitochndria and chloroplast
cons:
- Maximum resolution of 0.2µm
- Maximum useful magnification about x1500 therefore can;t see smaller organlles than mitochondria
- 2D images only

29
Q

why is staining used

A
  • increases cotrast so that organells can be seen
  • increases contrast so that different biologial molceuels can be seen
30
Q

what stains are sued

A
  • methylene blue - staisn DNA blue
  • acetic orcein - stains DNA red
  • iondine - bidns ot stracg turns blue black, and cell walls brown yellow
31
Q

hwo to prepare a dry mount

A
  • Solid specimens are viewed whole or cut
    into very thin slices with a sharp blade - sectioning
  • The specimen placed on the centre of
    the slide and a cover slip is placed over the sample
  • eg. hair, pollen, dust and insect parts can be viewed whole in this way
  • muscle tissue or plants sectioned and viewed in this way
31
Q

******

how to prepare a slide

A
  • dry mount
  • wet mount
  • squash slides
  • smear slides
32
Q

how to prepare a wet mount

A
  • Specimens suspended in a liquid
    such as water or an immersion oil
  • cover slip is placed on from an angle
  • eg. aquatic samples and other living organisms can be viewed this way
33
Q

how to prepare squash slides

A
  • wet mount is first prepared, then
    a lens tissue is used to gently press down the cover slip
  • Depending on the material, potential damage to a cover slip can be avoided by squashing the sample between two microscope slides
  • good technique for soft samples. Care needs to be taken sp that the cover slip is not broken when being pressed
  • eg. root tip squashes are used to
    look at cell division
34
Q

how to prepare smear slides

A
  • edge of a slide is used to smear
    the sample, creating a thin, even coating on another slide
  • A cover slip is then placed over the sample
  • eg. sample of blood - good way to view the cells in the blood
35
Q

info about transmtion electron microscope (TEM)

A
  • used ot observe images of internal 2D structures
  • resolution - 0.5nm
  • magnification - x 2000000
    stains used:
  • Methylene blue - stains DNA blue
  • Acetic orcein - stains DNA red
  • Iodine - binds to starch - blue/black and cell walls - brown/yellow
35
Q

pros and cons of TEM

A

pros:
- Higher resolution than light
- Higher magnification than light and SEM
cons:
- Shows 2D images
- Black and white images
- Dead specimens
- Lengthy prcoess to produce thin specimens - can produce artefacts
- Very thin specimens

35
Q

inf about scannign electron microscope (SEM)

A
  • used ot observe images of external 3D strcture
  • can be coloured in after
  • resolution - 1-20 nm
  • magnification - x500,000
36
Q

pros and cons of SEM

A

pros:
- Higher resolution than light
- Higher magnification than light
- Can show 3D images
cons:
- Max resolution lower then TEM
- Black and white images
- dead specimens

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bio a-level (3 decks)

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