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Biology Module 2 > 2.1 Cell Structure > Flashcards

2.1 Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe staining

A

Coloured stains bind to chemicals within the specimen which allows the specimen to be visualised and allows organelles to be viewed by improving contrast.

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2
Q

Describe differential staining

A

More than one dye is used to differentiate between different components of the specimen.

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3
Q

Which stains bind to specific cell structures?

A

Acetic Orcein stains DNA dark red
Eosin stains cytoplasm pink
Sudan black stains membranes and other lipids black

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4
Q

Describe how the specimen should be prepared.

A
  • Thin sections to allow light to pass through.
  • Artefacts (damage to the specimen) could occur.
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5
Q

What are light microscopes used for?

A

To view whole cells or tissues.

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6
Q

Describe transmission electron microscope TEM

A
  • Pass beam of electrons through thin (to prevent deflection of electrons) specimen
  • Following treatment with heavy metal solutions, some areas appear darker as electrons cannot pass through.
  • Allow you to look at organelles in detail.
    (TEM images may appear different to eachother if cut along different planes)
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7
Q

Scanning electron microscopes

A

Look at cell surface
Beam of electrons scans the surface of the specimen
Reflected beam detected
Reflected beam and source on same side of specimen

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8
Q

Describe laser scanning confocal

A

Look at object within certain depth of a cell
Specimen is treated with fluorescent dye
Laser focuses on this causing the dye to be seen
Very thin specimen, very high resolution, detect eye problems

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9
Q

Define magnification and resolution

A

The number of times larger an image appears compared to the actual object

The ability to distinguish between two points

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10
Q

Magnification of light, SEM and TEM

A

Light: x1500 (some ×2000)
SEM: ×100,000
TEM:×500,000

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11
Q

Resolution of light, SEM and TEM

A

Light: 50-200nm
SEM: 0.20 nm
TEM: 0.05-1 nm

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12
Q

Describe eye piece graticule and stage micrometer

A

Eyepiece: ruler
Stage micrometer: calibrate eyepiece graticule

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13
Q

What equation is associated with microscopy images?

A

Image = actual × magnification

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14
Q

Nucleolus

A

Region inside the nucleus where tRNA and rRNA are formed, makes ribosomes

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15
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains linear chromosomes, regulates gene expression and protein synthesis, governs characteristics of a cell

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16
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane, separates nucleus contents from cytoplasm, nuclear pores allow substances to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm

17
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Fluid filled cavities (cisternae) coates with ribosomes, involved in intracellular transport

18
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Involved in transport, synthesis and absorption of lipids from the gut, contain enzymes which catalyse lipid metabolism reactions

19
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Stack of membrane bound flattened sacs, site of protein modification, proteins packaged in secretory versicles

20
Q

Mitochondria

A

Spherical, rod shaped, branched, double membrane with fluid filled space between, cristae, fluid filled matrix, site of ATP production during aerobic respiration

21
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles, single membrane, hydrolytic enzymes

22
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small (20nm), spherical, ribosomal RNA in nucleolus as two subunits which combine in cytoplasm, site of protein synthesis

23
Q

Cell wall

A

Cellulose fibres, strength and support, permeable

24
Q

Vacuole

A

Surrounded by a membrane (tonoplast), contains water and solutes, maintain cell stability and turgidity

25
Q

Cilia

A

Protrusions from cell membranes, contain microtubules (form centrioles)

26
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein structures in the cytoplasm

27
Q

Centrioles

A

Two bundles of microtubules perpendicular to each other. Involved in cell division (spindles), involved in forming cilia

28
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Double membrane, membrane bound flattened sacs (thylakoid) in stacks (granum), fluid filled matrix (stroma), thylakoid contain chlorophyll. Loops of DNA and starch grains. Site of photosynthesis

29
Q

Describe the cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments: actin, contract in cytokinesis, changes cell shape
Microtubules: tubulin, move chromosomes, move organelles
Intermediate filaments: actin and microtubules, whole cell support, mechanical strength

30
Q

Importance of cytoskeleton

A

Whole cell support
Movement of cilia and flagella (using ATP)
Changing cell shape
Moving organelles e.g. vesicles
Movement of chromosomes

Biology Module 2 (5 decks)

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