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Cardiovascular phase 1 > 2.1 Cardic cycle > Flashcards

2.1 Cardic cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is isovolumetric contraction.

A

Ventricular contraction when all valves are closed. This increases ventricular pressure but as the valves are closed the volume remains unchanged.

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2
Q

What produces the first heart sound?

A

Closing of the mitral valve.

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3
Q

What causes the mitral valve to close?

A

When the left ventricle pressure exceeds the left atrial pressure just before isovolumetric contraction

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4
Q

Describe systole.

A

Wave of depolarisation arrives
Ca2+ channels open.
P(Ventricle) > P(Atria)
Mitral valve closes
P(Ventricle) rises
Isovolumetric contraction
P(Ventricle) > P(Aortic)
Aortic valve opens
Ejection begins

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5
Q

What produces the second heart sound?

A

Closing of the aortic valve (semilunar valve).

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6
Q

Describe diastole.

A

P(Ventricle) decreases
Phase of reduced ejection
P(Ventricle) > P(aortic)
Aortic valve (SL) closes Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
P(Ventricle) > P(Atria)
Mitral valve (AV) opens Ventricles fill with blood
Atria contract
P(Ventricle) > P(Atria)
Mitral valve closes

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7
Q

What is the duration of systole?

A

0.3s

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8
Q

What is the duration of diastole?

A

0.5s

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9
Q

What is end systolic volume?

A

The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after systole.

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10
Q

What is end diastolic volume?

A

The volume of blood remaining in the ventricles after diastole.

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11
Q

Define preload…

A

The volume of blood in the ventricles before contraction.

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12
Q

Define afterload…

A

The pressure that the heart must work against to eject blood in systole during the ejection phase.

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13
Q

Define contractility

A

The strength of the heart to contract during systole

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14
Q

Define elasticity

A

Myocardial ability to recover its original shape after systolic stress.

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15
Q

Define compliance

A

How easily a hearts chamber expands when filled with blood

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16
Q

Define diastolic distensibility

A

The pressure required to fill the ventricle to the same diastolic volume.

17
Q

Explain Starling’s law.

A

The larger the volume of the heart, the greater the sarcomeres are stretched and the more forceful the contraction.

18
Q

With relation to Starling’s law, what is the effect of an increased venous return?

A

End-DV will increase and so SV increases and so Cardiac output also increases as CO=SVxHR.

19
Q

Give the equation for stroke volume.

A

SV=End DV-End SV.

20
Q

Give the equation for cardiac output.

A

CO=SVxHR.

21
Q

Define cardiac output.

A

The volume of blood each ventricle pumps per unit time

22
Q

Give the equation for mean arterial pressure.

A

MAP = DP + 1/3(SP-DP).

23
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. It represents the force the heart generates when it contracts.

24
Q

Give the equation for pulse pressure.

A

PP=SP-DP.

25
Q

What is a normal healthy pulse pressure?

A

40mmHg

26
Q

Give the equation for blood pressure.

A

BP=COxTPR (total peripheral resistance)

27
Q

What is Poiseuille’s equation?

A

Q=r^4.
Q= Blood flow
r= radius of blood vessel

28
Q

What is Ohm’s law?

A

F=ΔP/R.
F= change in pressure/resistance.

29
Q

Is there a point in the cardiac cycle when both atrial and ventricular diastole occur together?

A

Yes: when the ventricles are relaxing and the atria are filling (before atrial contraction).

30
Q

Diastole: what is diastasis?

A

When LVp = LAp. Net movement of blood is zero. This is the time between ventricular suction and atrial contraction.

31
Q

What equation explains why small changes in the diameter of a blood vessel have a great effect on the resistance to flow of a fluid through that vessel?

A

Poiseuille’s equation. Q=r^4.

32
Q

Does blood flow to the heart occur during diastole or systole?

A

Diastole

Cardiovascular phase 1 (9 decks)

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