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Biology michelle > 2.1 and 2.2 > Flashcards

2.1 and 2.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is the cytoskeleton important?

A

It is the framework of the eukaryotic cell.
It is made up of microtubules and microfilaments.
It gives the cell shape and allow materials to move.

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2
Q

Describe a prokaryotic cell?

A 
No nucleus
Circular DNA
No membrane bound organelles
Very small cells
Small ribosomes
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3
Q

Describe a Eukaryotic cell?

A 
Nucleus present
Linear DNA 
Has membrane bound organelles
Larger cells
Larger ribosomes
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4
Q

What is magnification?

A

How much bigger the image size is than the specimen

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5
Q

What is resolution?

A

How well a microscope is able to distinguish between two objects close together

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6
Q

Describe a light microscope?

A

Uses light

Gives true colour images in 2D

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7
Q

Describe a laser scanning microscope?

A

Uses laser beams to scan specimen

Gives 3D image in fluorescent colouration

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8
Q

Describe a scanning electron microscope?

A

Scans a beam of electrons across a specimen

Gives a 3D image in black and white

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9
Q

Describe a transmission electron microscope?

A

Uses a beam of electrons
Gives a 2D image in black and white
High resolution
Only used on thin specimens

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10
Q

How does hydrogen bonding occur between water molecules?

A

A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom.
The oxygen atom has more positive protons than the hydrogen making oxygen more electronegative.
This means that it has a greater pull on the shared electrons making oxygen slightly negative and hydrogen slightly positive.
This is why water is a polar molecule.
When two H2O molecules are next to each other the slightly negative oxygen becomes attracted to the slightly positive hydrogen. This attraction form Hydrogen bonding.

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11
Q

What are the properties of water?

A
  • Good solvent - The positives and negative pars of water attract to the negative and positive parts of the solute forming a solution
  • High specific heat capacity - A large amount of energy is needed to raise the temperature of water (4.2kj of energy to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1 degree)
  • High latent heat of evaporation - A large amount of heat energy is needed for water molecules to evaporate due to the hydrogen bonds (when sweat evaporates it cools skin)
  • High cohesion - Water molecules stick together well beachside they’re polar. This helps water to flow making it good at transporting substances

Plus High surface tension & ice is less dense than water

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12
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

The simplest carbohydrates

Simple single sugars

CnH2nOn

Act as a source of energy

Sweet and soluble

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13
Q

What are Disaccharides?

A

Made of two monosaccharides joined together

Sweet and soluble

When they join a condensation reaction happens forming a glycosidic bond and removing water

Broken by hydrolysis

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14
Q

What are Polysaccharides?

A

Made up of many monosaccharides joined together

Polymers of monosaccharides

Good energy store because they’re compact so don’t take up a lot of space

Less soluble in water than monosaccharides

Can be structural units

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15
Q

What is Starch?

A

The main energy storage in plants
It is a mixture of two polysaccharides of alpha glucose
Amylose - long, unbranched (1-4)
Amylopectin - Long, branched (1-4&1-6)
Starch is insoluble in water making it good for storage

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16
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

The main energy storage material in animals
Glycogen is a polysaccharide of alpha glucose (1-4& 1-6)
Has loads of branches so that stored glucose can be released quickly
Compact so good for storage

17
Q

What is Cellulose?

A

The major component of cell walls in plants
Provides structural support for cells
Cellulose is made of long, unbranched chains of beta glucose(1-4)
When B glucose bonds it forms straight cellulose chains linked by hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils

18
Q

Describe the structure of an Amino acid?

A

All amino acids contain Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen & Nitrogen
Some contain Sulphur
Have a carboxyl group (COOH) and amino group (NH2) attached to a central Carbon
Under the Carbon is a R group that is different for each amino acid

19
Q

Describe a triglyceride?

A

Macromolecule

Lipid

Has three fatty acids joined to a glycerol

The fatty acids have hydrophobic tails making lipids insoluble

Synthesised by the formation of ester bonds during esterification

They break down when the ester bonds are broken during hydrolysis

20
Q

Describe a Phospholipid?

A

Macromolecule

Lipid

Has two fatty acids joined to a glycerol and a phosphate group

Found in all cell membranes and make up the phospholipid bilayer

The phospholipid heads are hydrophilic and their tails are hydrophobic

The centre of the bilayer is hydrophobic so water soluble substances can’t pass through easily

21
Q

Describe a Cholesterol?

A

Lipid

Has a hydrocarbon ring structure attached to a hydrocarbon tail

Small size and flatten shape in order to fit between the phospholipids in the membrane

Bind to the hydrophobic tails so they can pack closer together

Transported in the blood

22
Q

What are proteins?

A

They are made from long chains of amino acids

Polymers

23
Q

What are peptide bonds?

A

They link amino acids together to form dipeptides and polypeptides

Formed during a condensation reaction

Broken during hydrolysis

24
Q

What is an organ?

A

An organ is made up of many tissues that all work together to do the same job

25
Q

What are globular proteins?

A

They are round and compact

They are functional proteins

They are soluble so are easily transported in fluids

26
Q

What are fibrous proteins?

A

They are tough and rope-shaped

They are structural proteins

Fairly unreactive

27
Q

What is Haemoglobin?

A

Globular protein

It carries oxygen around the bod in the red blood cells

It’s a conjugated protein (has a protein attached to a prosthetic group)

Has haem groups that contain iron, which oxygen binds to

28
Q

What is collagen?

A

It is found in the connective tissues (bone,skin,muscle)

Storing molecule

Minerals can bind to it to increase rigidity

29
Q

What is Keratin?

A

It is found in the external structures of animals (skin,hair)

Can either be flexible or hard and tough

30
Q

What is Elastin?

A

Found in elastic connective tissue (e.g. Skin, large blood vessels, some ligaments)

It is elastic so allows tissues to return to original shape after being stretched

31
Q

What is an inorganic ion?

A

An ion that doesn’t contain Carbon

32
Q

What is chromatography?

A

It is used to separate stuff in a mixture

33
Q

What is the mobile phase in chromatography?

A

The mobile phase is a liquid solvent

It is where the molecules can move

34
Q

What is the stationary phase in chromatography?

A

Where the molecules can’t move

It is the chromatography paper in paper chromatography

It is the layer of solid on glass/plastic plate in thin layer chromatography

35
Q

1mm in mircrometres

A

1000

36
Q

1micrometre in manometers

A

1000

Biology michelle (9 decks)

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