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biology unit 2 real > 2.1 > Flashcards

2.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

chonps

A

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen, phosphorus sulfur

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2
Q

organic molecule is?

A

have carbon hydrogen bonds
contain carbon:found in living things(except carbides oxides of carbon and cyanides)

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3
Q

carbon advantage

A

can form large and complx molecules via covalent bonding
can form 4 bonds
stable

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4
Q

4 macromolecels of life (biological molecues)

A
  • protein (building and repairing body tissue)
  • carbs(energy source)
  • lipids/fats (components of cells, control what goes in/out, provide energy)
  • nucelic acids (storage and expression of genomic information)
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5
Q

diffeence between unsaturate and saturatde fatty acids

A

unsaturated carbon chains have double bonds between carbon atoms

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6
Q

what does urea do

A

gets rid of protein waste (can get rid of amine groups)
used for fertilizer to increase nitrogen

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7
Q

vitalism is ?

A

theory that special life forces are needed tomake organic compounds (life force is necessary to make organic compounds)

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8
Q

what falsified vitalism and who?

A

frederich WOHLER proved urea doesnt need life force, foudn that you could make urea without a human body because you can make urea without a human body. a chemical reaction that didnt need a life force. if it can be synthesized without, other organic compoudns can as well

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9
Q

metabolism

A

all chemical processes that occur within an organism

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10
Q

anabolism

A

making into polymers
dehydration
syntehissi of complex molecules from simpler molecules.
requires input of energy
formation fo macromolecules from monomers by condensation reaction
syntehsis/condesation

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11
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules
includes hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers
energy is released
“cata”strophe

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12
Q

the 3D shape of an organic molecule will change depending on

A

the carbon-carbon bonds.

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13
Q

because of its tetravalence (4 covalent bonds), carbon atoms tend to bind to one another or to 3 other common elements. which?

A

CHON : hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

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14
Q

whats a covalent bond

A

chemical bond tht shares electrons to form electron pairs. stable balance of attractive & repulsive forces. 2 non-metals

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15
Q

ionic bond?

A

metal and non-metal. they TRANSFER valence electrons between atoms. big electronegativity

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16
Q

form fits function means?

A

the shape of a molecule influences its role in the cell

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17
Q

what are functional groups and some features?

A

group of atoms that affect the function of a molecule. the part of the molecule that are involved in chemical reactions
- most are ionic or strongly polar (meaning hydrophillic)
- covalently bonded to a hydrocarbon skeleton

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18
Q

name all the functional groups u need to know

A

hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, amino, sulfhydrl phosphate

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19
Q

what is hydroxyl found in? what does it look like?

A

alcohols. it looks like - OH

methanol is poisonous and ethanol isnt, methanol has an extra carbon
- polar

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20
Q

what is carboxyl found in? what does it look like?

A

acids. it looks like a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and also bonded to a hydroxyl

altho it can donate the hydroxyl’s H and ebcome negative O
polar, acidic
organic acid

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21
Q

what is a amino found in? what does it look like?

A

bases. it looks like a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens

-polar, basic (accepts protons)
-amphiphillic, basic AND acidic

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22
Q

what is sulfhydryl found in? what does it look like?

A

rubber. it looks like -s-h (sulfur bonded to a hydrogen)

-slightly polar
- major class- many cellular molecuels

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23
Q

what is phosphate found in? what does it look like?

A

ATP. it looks like a phosphorus bonded to 3 negative oxygens (if they arent bonded to anything else, if so, positive) and double bonded to one oxygen.
-polar, NEGATIVE

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24
Q

what is carbonyl found in? what does it look like?

A

aldehydes and ketones. it looks like a carboxyl except not a hydroxyl, just a hydrogen.
a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to a hydrogen

-polar

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25
Q

prefix (# of carbons)
1
2
3
4

A
  1. meth
  2. eth
  3. prop
  4. but
26
Q

suffix (if there are double/triple bonds)

A

if only singles, ane
1 double = ene
triple = yne

27
Q

biological molecules all fall into one of these four categories? (4 macromolecules of life)

and their functions?

A

carbs, lipids (have hydrogen carbon bonds, CHO), proteins (always made of amino acids), nucleic acids (nitrogenous base

Protein (building and repairing body tissue)
Carbohydrates (energy source)
Lipids/fats (control what goes in/out, provide energy)
Nucleic acids (storage and expression of genomic information)

28
Q

what are some carbohydrates (glucose is building block) and their functions?

A

alpha d glucose - production of ATP
beta d glucose-builds cell walls in plants
starch-long term storage in plants
ribose-component of DNA and RNA

29
Q

what are some lipids (fatty acid monomers) and their functions

A

triglycerides - long term storage in adipose tissue in animals
steroids-chemical messengers (ring shaped)
phospholipids-component of plasma membrane

30
Q

what are some proteins ( amino acid monomers) and their functions

A

structural proteins-structural… framework
enzymes-metabolic proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body
polypeptides-sequence of amino acids that can make up a protein or js sequence of polypeptides make up a protein

31
Q

what are some nucleic acids (ribose monomers) and their functions

A

DNA - stores genetic info
RNA - create proteins at ribosomes using DNA’s info

32
Q

glucose and fructose chemical formula? how to draw them? know this!

A

C6H12O6

33
Q

difference between glucose and fructose

A

glucose has oxygen in a 6 member ring while fructose has a 5 member ring with oxygen at the top

34
Q

maltose is made of what? and what is it?

A

glucose+glucose and its starch

35
Q

sucrose is made of what

A

glucose + fructose

36
Q

carbohydrate

A

contains C, H, O
mainly hydroxyl (O-H) groups
often end in -ose (sugars
primary source of ENERGY for cells

37
Q

monosaccharide

A

simple sugars with the formula Cx(H2O)x
its a monomer of larger carbohydrates
ex. glucose anf fructose (they are isomers, same formula but diff arrangement)
soluble in water (cuz many polar -OH (hydroxyl) groups
immediate energy source for cell respiration

38
Q

dissacharide

A

result from 2 monosaccharides bonding together in a condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)
soluble in water (cuz many polar -OH (hydroxyl) groups
ex. maltose (glucose+glucose=starch)
and sucrose (glucose+fructose)

39
Q

polysaccharide

A

long chain of carbohydrate molecules, composed of many smaller monosaccharides (usually glucose) bonded
functions as - energy storage (ex. starch [amylose]in plants) -cell structure (ex. cellulose in plant cell wall)li

40
Q

lipid

A

contain C, H, O
mostly hydrocarbons (nonpolar and hydrophobic

41
Q

triglyceride

A

3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol (Know how to draw glycerol)!
energy storage in animals and some plants
- fats , oils

42
Q

wax

A

long chains of hydrocarbons, super hydrophobic, beeswax/ear waxho

43
Q

phospholipid

A

phosphate group and 2 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol
can form lipid bilayers because amphiphillic

44
Q

steroids/sterols

A

four fused rings of carbon atoms with functional groups attached
ex. cholesterol (cell membrane fluidity), testosterone (hormone)

they look like rings.
-major class: lipids

45
Q

protein

A

contains C, H, O and N. large complex molecules
- polymers of many amino acids bonding togehter in a condensation reaction
-many functions: contraction, transport, immune defense, enzymes structure

46
Q

polypeptide

A
  • long chain of amino acids that folds up to become the Functional protein
    -ex. insulin (Hormone), helicase (enzyme)
47
Q

nucelic acid

A

contains C H O N P
- made of one/many nucelotides

48
Q

long chain

A

polymers of nucleic acid subunits
ex. DNA and RNA

49
Q

DNA and RNA

A

DNA: genetic material between generations, codes for making proteins
RNA: used for making proteins based on the DNA codeel

50
Q

single nucleotides

A

composed of a phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous base (in that order)
ex. ATP and DNA nucleotide

51
Q

what are the 2 processes that monomers either become polymers or the other way around?

A

dehydration and hydolysis

52
Q

dehydration synthesis?

A

water is removed from 2 functional groups (monomers) and synthesis happens. removing water to make a polymer: dehydration synthesis

53
Q

hydrolysis?

A

a polymer is reduced to monomer subunits by the ADDITION of water. “to break water”.
the hydroxyl group from a water molecule attaches to one monomer, and the remaining hydrogen attaches to the other monomer: water is used to break the bond holding monomers together

54
Q

Carboxyl group (-COOH) and amine group (-NH2) implies the monomer is ?

A

amino acid

55
Q

Carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to a long hydrocarbon chain implies the monomer is?

A

fatty acid

56
Q

what is detected using the biuret test? what happens?

A

proteins, the liquid turns purple upon contact

57
Q

what test is used to detect protein, and how does it work?

A

biuret test, liquid turns purple upon contact with proteins

58
Q

carbohydrates are detected using what test? how does it work?

A

benedicts solution, it changes from blue to orange when heated with a reducing sugar (glucose, fructose, maltose)

59
Q

benedicts test is used for detecting what? how does it work?

A

carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, maltose). solution changes from blue to orange once heated with a reducing sugar

60
Q
A

biology unit 2 real (4 decks)

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