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A and P 2.2 > 2.1 > Flashcards

2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What arteries does the bronchial circulation arise?

A

Aorta or 3rd right posterior intercostal artery

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2
Q

The superior left bronchial artery and inferior left bronchial artery arise from the?

A

aorta

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3
Q

the right bronchial artery arises from the ?

A

3rd right posterior intercostal artery

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4
Q

what tissues does the bronchial circulation not supply?

A

parietal pleura

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5
Q

What tissues does the bronchial circulation supply?

A
  1. trachea to terminal bronchioles
  2. arterial supply to all the conducting systems
  3. visceral pleura
  4. hilar lymph nodes
  5. pulmonary arteries and veins
  6. vagus
  7. esophagus
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6
Q

What causes the anatomical shunt when see in pulmonary circulation?

A

bronchial deoxygenated veins empty into oxygenated pulmonary veins.

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7
Q

the anterior intercoastal arteries branch from what?

A

internal thoracic artery

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8
Q

pulmonary and systemic blood flow are equal. What is the L/Min

A

5

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9
Q

describe the wall structure of the pulmonary vessels in comparison to the systemic vessels.

A

Pulmonary arteries rapidly branch into small arteries with thin walls, large diameter lumens, less smooth muscle, increased compliance, flimsy, more stretch, easier to compress, distend when filled

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10
Q

bronchial circulation is _____pressure while pulmonary circulation is _____pressure.

A

high

low

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11
Q

what is the average pressure drop across pulmonary circulation

A

98 (100)systemic 10 (15)pulmonary

depending on your textbook

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12
Q

PVR =____SVR resistance

A

1/10th

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13
Q

what are the passive factors that influence pulmonary vascular resistance

A
  1. lung volume
  2. body position
  3. gravity
  4. alveolar, interpleural, and intravascular pressures
  5. right ventricle output
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14
Q

if transmural pressure difference increases what happens to pulmonary vessel resistance and diameter?

A
  • Increased transmural pressure difference
  • increased vessel diameter
  • decreased resistance
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15
Q

if transmural pressure difference decreases what happens to pulmonary vessel resistance and diameter?

A
  • decreased transmural pressure difference
  • decreased vessel diameter
  • increased resistance
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16
Q

_______can lead to compression and collapse of pulmonary vessels

A

negative transmural pressure

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17
Q

pulmonary capillaries/alveolar vessels are tethered to the alveolar. What happens to these vessels when when the alveoli expand?

A

when alveoli expand alveolar vessels elongate and decrease in radius(get pinched by the alveoli) which increases resistance

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18
Q

increased lung volumes =________ alveolar vessel/pulmonary capillary resistance

A

increased lung volumes =increased alveolar vessel/pulmonary capillary resistance

19
Q

decreased lung volumes =______ alveolar vessel/pulmonary capillary resistance

A

decreased lung volumes =decreased alveolar vessel/pulmonary capillary resistance

20
Q

extra-alveolar vessels/small branches of pulmonary artery are affected by inspiration(high lung volume) how?

A
  1. increased (more negative) intrapleural pressure
  2. increased transmural pressure difference
  3. increased vessel expansion of extra-alveolar vessels/small branches of pulmonary artery
  4. decreased resistance
21
Q

which vessels also have radial traction that correlates with alveolar ducts?

A

extra-alveolar vessels/small branches of pulmonary artery

22
Q

extra-alveolar and alveolar vessels are in series with each other, how do their resistances sum to produce the total pulmonary resistance?

A

its additive

23
Q

total pulmonary vascular resistance is highest and lowest at what lung volumes ?

why?

A

PVR highest at RV

PVR lowest at FRC

vessels are in series

24
Q

during inspiration(high lung volume) alveolar vessels are ________ while extra-alveolar _______

A

during inspiration(high lung volume) alveolar vessels are compressed while extra-alveolar distended

25
during expiration(low lung volume) alveolar vessels are\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ while extra-alveolar\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
during expiration(low lung volume) alveolar vessels are distended while extra-alveolar compressed
26
during PPV both types of vessels are compressed. Why?
* Alveolar vessels are compressed by expanding alveolus * **extra-alveolar vessels are compressed as intrapleural pressure becomes less negative, transpulmonary pressure decreases, vessel is compressed**
27
If you add peep to PPV what happens to the vessels?
they stay compressed even at rest. makes compression worse
28
lung structures distal to the terminal bronchioles such as respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli, receive O2 how?
* respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli, receive O2 directly by diffusion from the alveolar air and receive nutrients from the _mixed venous blood_ in the pulmonary circulation
29
what two mechanism decrease PVR when CO increases?
1. **distention** of pulm capillaries-increased co, increased pulm artery pressure, increased radius, decreased PVR 2. **recruitment** of pulm capillaries-increased in perfused vessels in parallel
30
histamine vasodilates the vascular beds but does what in the pulmonary vascular resistance?
vasoconstricts
31
name 3 things that vasodilate the lungs?
nitric oxide, bradykinin, ach
32
in regards to why does the base of the lungs have more blood flow; the higher pressures in the base of the lungs due to higher hydrostatic pressure induce more ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_leading to decreased resistance.
distention and recruitment
33
where is blood flow highest when you're supine?
posterior
34
In regards to this goofy lung zone shit, if alveolar pressure is higher than pulmonary vein pressure and pulmonary artery pressure PA\>Pa\>Pv you would get zone ___ and ___ blood flow.
zone 1 and no blood flow.
35
In regards to this goofy lung zone shit, Pa\>PA\>Pv= pulmonary artery \>alveolar\>pulmonary vein -what zone? what type of blood flow?
high alveolar flow is pitching off venous flow to the artery zone 2 low flow
36
In regards to this goofy lung zone shit, Pa\>Pv\>PA pulmonary artery \>pulmonary vein\>alveolar -what zone? what type of blood flow?
zone 3 high blood flow increased work/exercise-high transmural pressure, distention of capillaries, decreased resistance
37
What would increase the likely hood of creating zone 1? 4
1. PEEP 2. PPV 3. Hemorrhagic or other types of shock 4. inhaled anesthetics
38
zone 1 would become zone 2 if \_\_\_\_\_\_was administered to patient of ventilator peep.
inotropic agent
39
What is the stimulus for HPV?
response to decreased P02 by the pulmonary vasculature within the alveoli
40
Is HPV locally or neuronally controlled?
locally pulmonary vascular smooth muscle
41
The pulmonary arterial smooth muscles cells contain \_\_\_\_\_\_sensitive ____ channels that open when oxidized by _____ \_\_\_\_ ____ and close when reduced during\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. vasodilation
The pulmonary arterial smooth muscles cells contain oxygen sensitive K channels that open when oxidized by reactive oxygen species and closed when reduced during hypoxia
42
During hypoxia closure of the k channel inhibits \_\_\_\_of the vascular smooth muscle cell, ____ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_channels open , vascular smooth muscle contracts, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
During hypoxia closure of the k channel inhibits depolarization of the vascular smooth muscle cell, voltage gated Ca channels open , vascular smooth muscle contracts, vasoconstriction
43
what can interfere with the HPV response?
high pulmonary artery pressure HTN stenosis
44
what is the purpose of the HPV response?
To shunt blood to better ventilated areas and improve VQ mismatch

A and P 2.2 (3 decks)

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