20th Century China

Question 1

Groups of revolutionaries in southern China, inspired by Sun Yatsen’s ideas, led a successful revolt against the Qing Dynasty. When Yuan Shikai used his military influence to defeat the Qing authorities, the dynasty fell and the Republic of China was established.

Answer 1

1911 Revolution

Question 2

A Chinese general and politician, he was born into a military family and thrived in physical fitness. He was the military general who led the Revolution against the Qing Dynasty and quickly succeeded Sun Yatsen as president of the new Republic of China.

Answer 2

General Yuan Shikhai

Question 3

Chairman Mao’s first wife, the young daughter of Mao’s favorite professor at Beijing University. She joined the CCP in 1921 and was one of its earliest members. She was held captive and tortured in 1930, and was eventually executed because she would not publicly renounce Mao and the CCP.

Answer 3

Yang Kaihui

Question 4

An anti-imperialist cultural and political movement led by students in Beijing, specifically protesting the Chinese response to the Treaty of Versailles because the Japanese were allowed to hold on the territories in Shangdong. This protest was the cause of future national protest and marked an increase in Chinese nationalism

Answer 4

May Fourth Movement

Question 5

The abbreviation of the Communist International, a international communist organization initiated in 1919. This group, actively working to promote the spread of communism throughout the world, operated in China advising both the Guomindang and the CCP.

Answer 5

Comintern

Question 6

This was ordered by the warlord Wu Peifu. It was targeted against restive railway workers who were building a north-south rail line in central China that was considered essential for consolidation of his power. This attack against worker solidarity triggered widespread attacks against the labor organizations Mao and others had been trying to establish in the early 1920s.

Answer 6

February Seventh Massacre

Question 7

The only large-scale organized political party that existed in China in the years after the 1911 Revolution. This party was founded on the ideas on Sun Yatsen’s Republican Revolutionary (3 Principles of the People) movement and transformed from a small group of conspirators to a party with a large social base with a modernized army. The party’s political-social base was located in Canton.

Answer 7

National Party / Guomindang

Question 8

He founded the Republic of China, developed the Three Principles of the People: (people’s rights and livelihood, nationalism, and democracy), and established the National Party.

Answer 8

Sun Yatsen

Question 9

This institution was opened in 1924 by Chinese military leader Sun Yatsen. The students were trained to be soldiers in the Republic of China’s army. This was the training base for both Nationalist and Communist leaders, supplying soldiers for the United Front.

Answer 9

Whampoa Academy

Question 10

An alliance between the GMD (Guomindang) and the CCP (Chinese Communist Party) to end warlordism in China and to establish a centralized national government for the country.

Answer 10

United Front

Question 11

A Chinese factory worker was murdered by a Japanese foreman in Shanghai, leading to a large demonstration where many students and workers were killed, including a female student who became a symbol for a new spirit of nationalism that united workers and lower classes in urban areas and in the countryside.

Answer 11

May 30th Incident

Question 12

In 1926-1927, the GMD and CCP joined forces in this effort designed to eliminate warlords of the north and unite the country under one central government.

Answer 12

Northern Expedition

Question 13

These were militarist leaders of local areas in China who were determined to maintain their power. After the February Seventh Massacre, which was ordered by and joined by these men, Guomindang and Communist leaders all recognized the need to eliminate these leaders and work to unify China

Answer 13

Warlords

Question 14

This GMD militarist would later become the leader of a GMD-controlled Chinese state. He led the United Front during the Northern Expedition and then turned on his Communist partners during the “White Terror.”

Answer 14

Chiang Kaishek

Question 15

Chíang Kaishek’s brutal assault on communists and workers in Shanghai spread to rural areas and went on for over several years. It took the lives of thousands of people and led to the near extinction of the CCP membership.

Answer 15

White Terror

Question 16

A guerrilla force led by Mao and his comrade Zhu De, this group managed to survive the attacks of a larger and better supplied Nationalist army and prevent the elimination of the CCP in China.

Answer 16

Red Army

Question 17

A brilliant military general, he was one of of Mao’s closest colleagues, a politician, and an early member of the CCP. He was a founder of the Peoples Liberation Army, a military branch of the CCP. He wrote with the help of Mao the codes of the Red Army soldier.

Answer 17

Zhu De

Question 18

The economic, political, and social communist ideas form by Mao Zedong.

Answer 18

Maoism

Question 19

She was the second wife of Mao Zedong, an advocate of communism, and an active and admired revolutionary. She earned the nickname “the Two-Gunned Girl General.”

Answer 19

He Zizhen

Question 20

The result of the reluctant obedience of Mao to follow an order to attack a city held by the Nationalists; the attack failed and communists remaining in the city were captured and, usually, killed, among them Mao’s first wife, Yang Kaihui, and his sister. After this episode, the urban proletariat largely avoided pro-communist political activism.

Answer 20

Changsha Disaster

Question 21

Civil war in China between 1850-1864 agains the Qing Dynasty. The leader of rebellion was Xiangang, who believed he was the brother of Jesus.

Answer 21

Taiping Rebellion

Question 22

The last imperial dynasty in China, its downfall began with the Opium Wars and culminated, finally, with the 1911 Revolution.

Answer 22

Qing Dynasty

Question 23

This person from the Manchu clan, unofficially controlled the Quing dynasty for 47 years. She spent lavishly even as China’s influence waned. By every indication, she had the real emperor poisoned just before she died so that he could not take power when she was gone.

Answer 23

Empress Dowager Cixi

Question 24

These efforts by the Emperor Guangxu were an attempt to fix the weaknesses of the Chinese government, the last significant attempts by the Qing to make changes to modernize the country.

Answer 24

Hundred Days Reform

Question 25

This 1919 movement started as a protest of China's share in the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the Great War (WWI). Formerly German territories (on Chinese soil) which the Chinese expected to be given were given to the Japanese instead. The Chinese, having provided one hundred thousand laborers to dig trenches for the Allies, were furious. This sparked a heavily anti-Japanese nationalist movement that demanded an end to imperialism and the unification of China. The movement began at Beijing University (Beida), where Mao had formerly gone with his friend and mentor Professor Yang, and spread quickly to Shanghai and other parts of the country. Safe in Changsha at the time, Mao wrote about this movement in his "Xiang River Review."

Answer 25

May Fourth Movement

Question 26

This violent anti-foreigner movement took place in China between 1899 and 1901. Colonial foreigners and native holders of local power provoked widespread rural violence. The rebels first targeted missionaries and native converts to Christianity. It quickly grew into an all-purpose anti-Christian and anti-foreign war pitting the Qing Dynasty and the rebels against eight foreign powers and their Chinese sympathizers.

Answer 26

Boxer Rebellion

Question 27

In December 1930 a bloody orgy of internal conflict broke out between Mao and the central committee as well as Maos followers and the Jiangxi communists

Answer 27

The Futian Incident

Question 28

The CCP attacks on Changsha sparked fear in Chiang Kaishek. He launched the first one 1931 and 3 more afterwards. All were aimed at the "communist bandits" and all of them failed at a great expense to the Nationalist army.

Answer 28

Extermination Campaigns

Question 29

State in northeast china that was captured by Japan. The "puppet" ruler was the last Qing dynasty ruler Puyi.

Answer 29

Manchukuo

Question 30

The largest territory of the Chinese Communists in the early 1930s, established by Mao Zedong and other leaders after the Northern Expedition; the Communists were forced to abandon this stronghold as they embarked on the Long March.

Answer 30

Jiangxi Base Area

Question 31

He and Braun decided the Jiangx base had to abandoned. He was the leader of the CCP negotiating team and the Changiang Bureau. He later became the Premier of the Peoples Republic of China.

Answer 31

Zhou Enlai

Question 32

After the Nationalists defeated the Jiangxi Soviet, ninety thousand Jiangxi people escaped from the Nationalists encirclement. They proceeded on this trek to find a new place to live. On what ended up to be a yearlong "odyssey," fewer than 10,000 of the original escapees survived.

Answer 32

The Long March

Question 33

1935, Mao Zedong declared CCP's independence from Comintern, Stalinism, and Moscow dogma.

Answer 33

Zunyi Conference

Question 34

She was the third and last wife of Mao Zedong. She was also a film actress in China at this time.

Answer 34

Jiang Qing

Question 35

The Nationalists and the Communists are able to join together to fight for the same cause of defeating the Japanese even though the two groups do not get along. It took 8 months of negotiating to get the two groups together. The Communists are able to be independent and do their own thing while still working with the Nationalists, just not under their control.

Answer 35

Second United Front

Question 36

Even though the Japanese were attacking China, Chiang Kaishek refused to believe that they were a bigger threat than the communists. This disagreement happened when General Zhang Xueliang kidnapped Chiang and held him hostage until he agreed to focus on the Japanese.

Answer 36

Xi'an Incident

Question 37

During the Japanese invasion of China, the Japanese easily took Shanghai and continued to the GMD capital city, where this horribly violent slaughter of thousands of defenseless Chinese civilians took place. It marked the beginning of the violence that continued throughout Japan's eight-year occupation of China, during which the official slogan of the Japanese troops was "burn all, loot all, kill all."

Answer 37

Nanjing Massacre

Question 38

Charlie

Answer 38

Xunxu Report

Question 39

It is a reinterpretation or Stalinism, Leninism, and Marxism. It is created from an interpretation of the past and looking at current day. It was the standard for training/disciplining communist members and for waging guerrilla warfare. It was the guide for revolutionary culture, that could be a long term social movement.

Answer 39

Mao Zedong Thought

Question 40

A campaign intended to weed out the strong and week members of the communist party. It became a campaign to test the members of the party to find out who was truly apart of the movement and to impose Mao's ideas on those who ere not.

Answer 40

Rectification

Question 41

The widespread adoration of everything associated with Mao Zedong: Mao's image and ideas influenced every aspect of Chinese life. Mao's interpretation of Marxism and Chinese history became required reading for everyone. A uniform ideology was being put into place.

Answer 41

Cult of Mao

Question 42

The CCP's strongest military force. It was set for its borders to be North of the Yangzi river, but the UMD and CCP never really agreed. On January 4th 1941, it was still apparent its borders was south of the Yangzi, so the UMD surround them and began a vicious battle that lasted 10 days.

Answer 42

New Fourth Army Incident

Question 43

In August of 1945, the Chinese prepared themselves to fight against one of their mutual enemies. Rural areas were organized and an alliance between the GMD and CCP was formed. By using weaponry and their 4,000,000 soldiers, China won the war they were fighting.

Answer 43

Japanese Surrender

Question 44

Two wars from 1927-1936 and 1946-1950 between the Nationalists (backed by Truman) and the Communists (backed by Stalin). They took place in Manchuria after political talks failed due to pressure from outside powers. It ended in a decisive victory for the Communists as Mao began a new era for China.

Answer 44

Chinese Civil War

Question 45

Last surviving members of GMD party flee here after losing the Chinese Civil War, 1949.

Answer 45

Taiwan

Question 46

In Tienanmen square Mao declares the official founding of the People's Republic of China on this date.

Answer 46

October 1, 1949

Question 47

Treaty signed by the Soviet Union and China in which China would accept Mongolia as an independent state and the Soviet Union would aid China if it were ever attacked by Japan or the US.

Answer 47

Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty

Question 48

This was Mao's strategy of combining land, labor, living space, agriculture, etc. to maximize efficiency and self-sufficiency among different (usually rural) regions of China. Under this system, employed before and partly during the Great Leap Forward, people lived together, pooled resources, and even ate all meals together. By 1956 over 90 percent of the rural population was living under this system. Eventually, this strategy proved to be sometimes inefficient and often impractical, and was abandoned as Mao fell (temporarily) from power and some degree of normalcy returned to China.

Answer 48

Collectivization

Question 49

A quote from Mao Zedong, saying war is not kind or unrestrained, that is a violent overthrowing.

Answer 49

"a revolution is not a dinner party"

Question 50

The reorientation of art towards a different audience. Instead of being for the educated and high class, art became exposed to the masses (soldiers, peasants, workers)

Answer 50

massification of culture

Question 51

A Maoist method where theory is refined in practice. Theory and historical analysis must inform the formulation of an initial policy but in the real world the policy and theory must be revised to suit conditions of implementation. The revised theory becomes the guide to correct practice and policy.

Answer 51

"mass line"

Question 52

In 1955 Hu Feng was accused of leading a group against the revolution that was intent on restoring GMD rule.

Answer 52

Hu Feng Affair

Question 53

1958-1960: Mao (attempts) to industrializes the peasants trying to produce iron at an industrial level. It a failure all workers stop doing productive things to make low quality iron and material is wasted. It becomes an awful famine resulting in the death of an enormous population of Chinese citizens.

Answer 53

Great Leap Forward

Question 54

This was the consequence of Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward. Crops in large fields were beginning to rot because of falsely stated numbers. This led to a shortage of food and people began to starve.

Answer 54

Great Famine

Question 55

They took over for Mao after the Great Leap and brought a little more capitalism back into China.

Answer 55

Liu Shaoqui and Deng Xiaoping

Question 56

Contained a selection of Maoist sayings, compacted into small blurbs. Known to be found with every Chinese citizen

Answer 56

The Little Red Book

Question 57

This is where Mao and his army went as a result of the Long March. Here, Mao was able to develop a socialist, non-hierarchal society which became a model of his ideal Chinese society. He incorporated communal agriculture and state-owned industries in order to make Yan'an "self-sufficient".

Answer 57

Yan'an

Question 58

Us

Answer 58

L

Question 59

A period during the PRC (1956) where Mao encouraged critiques of the communist government. Mao wanted a hundred flowers of ideas to bloom and help further China, however Mao became offended by such criticism and cut all hundred flowers. In 1957, he cracked down on opposers to him, communism, and the party's ideas and named them 'counter-revolutionaries' and subjected them to re-education or even exile/death.

Answer 59

One Hundred Flowers Campaign