20th and 21st Century policing

Question 1

Describe the early specialisation of CID

Answer 1

Stands for Criminal Investigation Department and was set up in 1878, although they had been used since 1842. They are plain clothed detectives and by 1883 the CID had 800 men

Question 2

Describe the early specialisation of fingerprinting

Answer 2

Used as a full working system from 1901. If two fingerprints have 16 points of similarity then the print belongs to the alleged criminal

Question 3

Describe the early specialisation of photography

Answer 3

In 1862 Scotland Yard set up a Rogues Gallery. All convicted criminals had their photos taken and stored. From 1901 photos of crime scenes and victims were taken to help solve the crime

Question 4

Describe the later specialisation of special branches

Answer 4

In 1919 the Flying squad was set up to quickly respond to crimes such as robbery. The Special Patrol Group was set up in 1965 to deal with major emergencies. Also: Bomb squad 1971, Fraud squad 1946 and Counter Terrorism 2006

Question 5

Describe the later specialisation of forensic science

Answer 5

Scenes of Crime officers analyse crime scenes for traces of blood, bodily fluids, hair and shoe marks. First labs set up in 1935 in Cardiff, Sheffield and Nottinghamshire

Question 6

What year was the National Register of Fingerprints set up?

Answer 6

1901

Question 7

What year was the National Computer Database set up?

Answer 7

1960

Question 8

What year was the DNA database set up?

Answer 8

1995

Question 9

Describe the later specialisation of CID

Answer 9

Plain clothed detectives who are involved in major cases such as rape and homicide. They are responsible for building a case, convicting criminals and the after case of witnesses. Must have been uniformed police for 2 years beforehand

Question 10

Describe the later specialisation of Community Relations

Answer 10

Police try to build and strengthen the relationship with the local area by community policing. Eg Neighbourhood Watch (1982) and by being seen on the street

Question 11

What are the 4 modern day problems that police face today?

Answer 11

Violent criminals, red tape, organised crime and their powers

Question 12

Why do violent criminals cause a problem for police today?

Answer 12

Normal police carry batons, CS gas and maybe a taser but most violent criminals are armed. There is the issue of how police should deal with such people. Only armed response officers carry firearms

Question 13

Why do police powers cause an issue for police today?

Answer 13

Police can ask someone to accompany them to the station for questioning, but people have the right to refuse. Can arrest on reasonable suspicion, issue on the spot fines and search people if they suspect them of carrying weapons or drugs. This is criticised. Police can search properties with a warrant from a Magistrate

Question 14

Why is red tape and issue for police today?

Answer 14

Police spend too long filling out paperwork that takes up valuable time. They also have to closely follow rules and regulations on conduct

Question 15

Why is organised crime a problem for police today?

Answer 15

Gangs that operate internationally, often smuggling drugs, that use complex technology and knowledge to conceal their actions from the police. Many resort to violence to protect the business, which generates millions of pounds of ‘dirty money’

Question 16

Describe training as an increased resource for the police in the 20th and 21st centuries

Answer 16

National Police training college started in 1947; all officers receive 14 weeks of training prior to starting the job. Training also continues throughout their career. Pay has also risen. In 1920 women were appointed to deal with issues regarding women and young people

Question 17

Describe the increased resource of technology for the police in the 20th and 21st centuries

Answer 17

Radio communication used after 1910, Morse code transmitters installed in cars from the 20s, police had their own telephone boxes form the 20s, two way radios used from 1934, 999 system set up in the 30s, police now use CCTV and infrared equipment, computers have been used since the 60s which makes exchanging data between forces much easier and efficient

Question 18

Describe the increased resource of the development of transport for police in the 20th and 21st centuries

Answer 18

Car and motorbikes used from the 1930s, use of cars increased in the 70s when rapid response teams replaced officers on foot, helicopters are now used

Question 19

What were the 3 forms of early specialisation within the police?

Answer 19

CID, photography and fingerprinting