2.08 - Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Name the three outer / protective layers around the kidney
(Superficial - deep)
1. Pararenal fat
2. Renal fascia
3. Perirenal fat
Describe the flow of urine through the kidney (route)
Cortex -> Renal pyramids -> Minor calices -> Major calices -> Renal pelvis -> Ureter
Which renal artery is longer and why
Right - passes behind the aorta
What is the order of segmentation of renal arteries
Renal arteries
Posterior / Anterior branches
Segmental arteries
Interlobar arteries
Arcuate arteries
Interlobular arteries
How many segmental arteries are there per kidney
10
5 per ant/post branch
Which renal vein is longer and why
Left - passes behind the abdominal aorta
Where do the renal arteries originate
Directly from AA, immediately distal to SMA
What is the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys
Lateral / para-aortic lymph nodes
Found at the origin of the renal arteries
Name the 5 sections of the nephron
Bowman’s Capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Duct
What are the three parts of the loop of henle
Thin descending limb
Thin ascending limb
Thick descending limb
Which part of the loop of henle is impermeable to water
Thin ascending limb
Which part of the loop of henle do loop diuretics act on
Thick ascending limb
What is the name of the water transport channels present in the loop of henle and collecting duct
Aquaporin
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus and what does it do
Bit of the DCT that is very close to bowman’s capsule
Detects renal hypoperfusion and releases Renin - RAAS
What cells are present in the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Macula densa cells
What are the four anatomical sections of the bladder
Apex
Body
Fundus
Neck
What are the three corners of the trigone
Right ureteric meatus
Left ureteric meatus
Bladder neck / Urethra
What are the three main muscles of the bladder / urethra
Detrusor
Internal Urethral Sphincter
External Urethral Sphincter
How is the dertrusor muscle specialised for its function
Fibres are arranged in different directions to maintain structural integrity when stretched
What forms the internal urethral sphincter in females
Neck of the bladder and proximal urethra
Functional sphincter - no dedicated muscle
What forms the internal urethral sphincter in males
Circular smooth muscle fibres
Why do males have a muscular IUS and females don’t
Prevents seminal regurgitation during male ejaculation
What kind of muscle is the external urethral sphincter
Skeletal - voluntary control
What is the bladder stretch reflex
Stretching of detrusor muscle -> relaxation of the detrusor muscle -> Micturition
Overridden when toddlers are potty trained
What nerve is involved in relaxing the detrusor muscle in the bladder stretch reflex
Pelvic nerve (parasympathetic)
What nerve provides sympathetic supply to the bladder
Hypogastric nerve (T12-L2)
Sympathetic = fight or flight = DO NOT PISS
relaxes detrusor muscle -> urine retention
What nerve provides parasympathetic supply to the bladder
Pelvic nerve (S2-S4)
Parasympathetic = rest and digest = u can piss if u want
contracts detrusor muscle -> micturition
What nerve provides somatic supply to the bladder and external urethral sphincter
Pudendal nerve (S2-S4)
Voluntary control of micturition + feeling of needing a wee
What arteries supply the bladder
Male: Superior and inferior vesical arteries
Female: Vaginal arteries
[All branches of Internal Iliac Arteries]
Supplemental supply from Obturator and Inf. Gluteal arteries
What is the venous drainage of the bladder
Vesical venous plexus -> Internal iliac veins
