205 FINAL Flashcards

Question

Assent

Answer 1

Expression of approval/agreement

Answer 2

Review research projects to assess whether ethical standards are met in relation to the protection of the rights of human subjects

Answer 3

low risk, non-vulnerable, nonsensitive, short duration

Answer 4

Minimal risk, non-vulnerable, nonsensitive

Answer 5

Data is falsified, fabricated, or subject have been coerced

Answer 6

Not keeping up to date on scientific evidence

Answer 7

Represents numerous cultures, not a single population

Answer 8

Indigenous people in Canada who are not inuit

Answer 9

Registered under the indian act

Answer 10

Status indian who belongs to a FN under the crown treaty

Answer 11

Personal group of RN legally known as an Indian Band

Answer 12

Discovering and revealing past wrongdoings in hopes of resolving many of the issues

Answer 13

Ways of knowing/knowledge systems based on Indigenous communities, language, traditions and history

Answer 14

Theory and process of conducting research that reflects Indigenous worldviews

Answer 15

Seeing both Indigenous AND western knowledge

Answer 16

Process of carefully and systematically examining research studies to ensure trustworthiness, value and relevance

Answer 17

Discover what is known about a topic - theoretical or conceptual framework - primary and secondary sources - research question and hypothesis - design and method - outcome of analysis

Answer 18

compare finding to literature to further knowledge

Answer 19

Constant comparison of findings to literature

Answer 20

Literature concepts provide a framework

Answer 21

literature is the data source

Answer 22

Literature and studies found in journals (empirical/scientific), starts with CINAHL

Answer 23

Reports of theories or reviews, “how-to” articles

Answer 24

manipulation of IV, randomization, control extraneous variables

Answer 25

no randomization, naturally occurring comparison of groups, statistical control of extraneous variables

Answer 26

Examine events, people and situations as they naturally occur

Answer 27

occurs before the study but may affect DV

Answer 28

May interfere with results

Answer 29

Objectivity Accuracy Feasibility Homogenous sample Constancy Manipulation Randomization

Answer 30

Absence of personal bias/feelings

Answer 31

appropriate design to questions

Answer 32

inclusion/exclusion criteria balance

Answer 33

keep study the same

Answer 34

between groups (experimental/quasi-experimental)

Answer 35

Gives the MOST control

Answer 36

Did the IV change the DV, or was it something else

Answer 37

if study can be generalized/extended to other populations

Answer 38

History Maturation Testing Instrumentation Mortality Selection Bias

Answer 39

selection effects reactive effects measurement effects

Answer 40

Accepted definition of a concept

Answer 41

translates conceptual into something measurable

Answer 42

objective (free of bias) and systematic (collected in same methodical way)

Answer 43

physiological/biological observation scientific observation interviews/questionnaires

Answer 44

biological and physical indicators of health A: Objective and precise D: Reactive effects, calibration, consistent use

Answer 45

Observation are consistent with study’s objectives and theoretical frameworks - standardized and systematic, trained data collectors

Answer 46

Concealment with intervention Concealment without intervention No concealment without intervention No concealment with intervention

Answer 47

Open-ended (qualitative) Closed-ended (quantitative) D: Social desireability

Answer 48

1. define the construct to be measured 2. formulate questions 3. assess items for content validity 4. write instructions 5. pretest and pilot test new instrument 6. assess reliability and validity

Answer 49

consistently measures what it is meant to measure

Answer 50

consistency between 2 or more observers

Answer 51

similar results when same test is used more than once

Answer 52

Accurately measures what it claims to measure

Answer 53

does it measure the concepts its meant to?

Answer 54

does the test represent what is aims to measure?

Answer 55

is the content suitable to its aims?

Answer 56

independent observer, objective

Answer 57

Hypothesis testing, closed-ended and specific

Answer 58

measurements, questionnaires, observation structured/consistent

Answer 59

Starts with numbers, uses variables, systematic, AFTER data collection

Answer 60

Dependent participant, subjective

Answer 61

exploratory, descriptive and open-ended

Answer 62

purposive, non-probability, theoretical data saturation

Answer 63

interviews, focus groups, observation, documents, images/sounds unstructured/iterative

Answer 64

Starts with words, codes and categories, iterative. Concurrent with data collection (to achieve data saturation)

Answer 65

Inductive (primarily qualitative)

Answer 66

Deductie (primarily quantitative)

Answer 67

1. used together (done fully together) 2. linking (collected and then compared) 3. integration (converted and integrated)

Answer 68

Simultaneous, 1 method is dominant

Answer 69

Sequential - 1 dominant, 2 supplement

Answer 70

Simultaneous, inductive drive

Answer 71

Sequential, inductive drive

Answer 72

Simultaneous, 1 method dominant

Answer 73

sequential, 1 method dominant

Answer 74

Simultaneous, deductive drive

Answer 75

Sequential, deductive drive

Answer 76

particular strategies researchers use to collect evidence necessary for building and testing theories

Answer 77

Discipline-specific principles, rules and procedures that guide knowledge-acquiring process

Answer 78

1. Convergent 2. Explanatory sequential 3. Exploratory sequential

Answer 79

Requires researcher to collect and analyze data using both qual + quan - merged to give a more comprehensive understanding CHALLENGE: equal qual + quan data, transformation

Answer 80

QUAN 1st qualitative data helps to explain/build on quantitative results STRENGTH: straightforward, one at a time, single researcher can do it CHALLENGE: lengthy time, qualitative takes more time than quantitative

Answer 81

QUAL 1st Qualitative data is used to inform quantitative STRENGTH: straightforward, multi-phase OR single-phase CHALLENGE: qualitative takes time, difficulty transforming QUAL, hard to develop instruments

Answer 82

Quantitative data Environmental considerations Qualitative data Environmental scan Ethics Legal Economics

Answer 83

Systematic review with meta-analysis to test hypotheses Economic evaluation to inform decisions

Answer 84

a) clinically effective b) cost effective

Answer 85

Study of choice under conditions of scarcity - each choice includes opportunity cost (ensures resources are allocated in most efficient way)

Answer 86

Combines benefits and costs (ex. 100mill, 200 mill reward is the best value)

Answer 87

how much the proposed intervention costs (10, 11 reward is affordable)

Answer 88

determines what additional benefit an intervention provides at what additional cost focus on INTEGRATING GAINS

Answer 89

IRRELEVANT

Answer 90

Effective care delivery Resolve inconsistency Excellence in care delivery Benefits vs Harm Introduce innovation Remove outdated treatment

Answer 91

Can be opinion-based CPG not used enough

Answer 92

communication of research findings

Answer 93

Identify variables, data collection method, sample size

Answer 94

Investigation of methods, interventions and variables that influence adoption of EIP

Answer 95

Includes synthesis, dissemination, exchange and application of knowledge to improve health of Canadians

Answer 96

Language, structure and design are very clear so information can be easily found

Answer 97

Inclusion in a group is NOT random, less generalizable, less representative

Answer 98

1. Convenience (quantitative) 2. Quota (quantitative) 3. Purposive (qualitative)

Answer 99

randomization, more generalizable, more representative

Answer 100

1. Simple random sampling 2. Stratified random sampling 3. Systematic sampling

Answer 101

population identified, units random

Answer 102

similar to quota but random selection

Answer 103

select every kth person

Answer 104

units/population are the easiest to find

Answer 105

non random selection of predetermined units

Answer 106

selected because they have certain characteristics

Answer 107

useful in forecasting, good when randomization/control/manipulation are not possible, tests theoretical models of how variables work together

Answer 108

hard explaining cause-and-effect, must first develop knowledge

Answer 109

large population economically, small number of participants can be representative of population

Answer 110

info may be superficial, breadth instead of depth, research expertise, expensive and time consuming

Answer 111

Correlational Developmental

Answer 112

Relationship between 2+ variables flexibility, clinical application, examine variables that are NOT manipulated

Answer 113

Cannot manipulate variables, no randomization, cannot determine causal relationship

Answer 114

studies data at one point in time from many subjects

Answer 115

prospective/repeated measures participant control increased depth early trends analyzed

Answer 116

increased time and money testing effects mortality

Answer 117

post-facto, past events similar to correlational increased control

Answer 118

no causal link Alternate hypothesis may be the cause hard finding group members

Answer 119

Correlational Longitudinal Retrospective

Answer 120

measuring a concept with reliable and valid tools 1. define a construct/concept 2. formulate tools items 3. develop instructions 4. test tools reliability and validity

Answer 121

Factors affecting health/illness of population - prevalence: number of people affected - incidence: number of cases occurring in a period of time

Answer 122

previous data is re-analyzed

Answer 123

Measures association between variables

Answer 124

NO association

Answer 125

Association favouring intervention

Answer 126

Association favouring NO intervention

Answer 127

average! answer to a research question

Answer 128

population size of the study

Answer 129

1. account for method and data which must be independent so another researcher can replicate 2. Produce credible and reasoned explanation of phenomenon

Answer 130

truth value: “are the results the true results?”

Answer 131

- prolonged engagement - reflexivity - peer debriefing - member checking - attention to negative cases - triangulation

Answer 132

expansion of research strategies - data: variety of data sources - investigator: different researchers with divergent backgrounds - theory: multiple perspectives during interpretation - methodological: multi methods to study a single topic - interdisciplinary: more than one discipline

Answer 133

Trustworthiness, audit trail that is understood

Answer 134

audit trail

Answer 135

Fairness in presentation of all viewpoints

Answer 136

reflexivity attention to negative cases

Answer 137

Results are applicable to other contexts, setting ot groups

Answer 138

Consistency in repetition (not identical)

Answer 139

poor debriefing audit trail triangulation

Answer 140

degree to which results are neutral and value-free (neutrality of data, not researcher)

Answer 141

audit trail triangulation attention to negative cases reflexivity

Answer 142

credibility

Answer 143

transferability

Answer 144

dependability

Answer 145

confirmability

Answer 146

humans uniquely attribute meaning to their experiences

Answer 147

Grounded theory Ethnography Phenomenology Case study Historical research Participatory action research

Answer 148

Used to explore BASIC SOCIAL PROCESS that guide human interaction - uncovering social processes

Answer 149

Scientifically describes a cultural group and goal is to understand participants view of the world (emic) vs outsiders view (etic)

Answer 150

1. ‘getting in’ and ‘negotiating entry’ 2. acquainting with routines, start trust development 3. trust developed, ‘acculturated’ 4. withdrawal

Answer 151

(meanings and experiences) answer questions of personal meaning - understand human experiences

Answer 152

1. perceptions present us with evidence of the world 2. human existence is meaningful and we are always conscious

Answer 153

sharing a common world

Answer 154

researcher identified personal biases to clarify

Answer 155

in-depth description of dimensions/processes - seeks to understand social situations (capturing unique stories)

Answer 156

researches occurrences of the past

Answer 157

eyewitness

Answer 158

another perspective

Answer 159

researcher studies particular setting to identify problem areas to improve practice - works with people to improve the present

Answer 160

make meaning out of massive amount of tect

Answer 161

organize/group data

Answer 162

1. Absorb content 2. determine unit of analysis 3. develop unique codes 4. conduct preliminary coding 5. code content

Answer 163

6. identify categories across codes 7. identify themes/patterns in categories 8. draw interpretations and implications

Answer 164

1. data reduction 2. data display 3. conclusion drawing and verification

Answer 165

selecting focusing and simplifying data themes are structured and data is coded

Answer 166

Progressive marking, sorting, resorting and defining/redefining data

Answer 167

tracking factual knowledge

Answer 168

data grouped by topic

Answer 169

leads to development of themes

Answer 170

organized, compressed assembly of info that permits conclusion drawing and action - graphs, flowcharts, matrices, etc.

Answer 171

description of relationship between themes verification occurs as the data is collected

Answer 172

1. phenomenological 2. ethnographic 3. grounded theory 4. case study

Answer 173

determine relationships among themes and describe phenomena and synthesis themes into a consistent description

Answer 174

identify patterns/themes, compare findings to literature, take cultural inventory

Answer 175

divide and compare data, uses constant comparative method

Answer 176

identify unit of analysis, code continuously, analyze field notes

Answer 177

data collector

Answer 178

inspiration

Answer 179

1. identify problem 2. review literature 3. translate to practice 4. implementation 5. evaluate the outcome

Answer 180

communication, finding studies, bad studies, cost/time, lack of knowledge, negative attitudes, lack of time to implement research

Answer 181

implementation

Answer 182

knowledge/problem-focused triggers cause desire to improve

Answer 183

must understand - nature of evidence - context - facilitation needed

Answer 184

innovation influenced by... - type/nature of innovation - manner in which it is communicated (disseminated) to members of a social system

Answer 185

1. select a topic 2. form a team 3. evidence retrieval 4. critique the evidence 5. provide recommendations for practice 6. implement practice change 7. evaluation

Answer 186

problem-focused vs knowledge focused Criteria: problem, applicability, likelihood of change, potential problems, availability of data, multi-disciplinary, interest, availability of evidence

Answer 187

development, responsibilities for implementing/evaluating multi-disciplinary relevant stake holders

Answer 188

quality and generalizability of results strength and breadth of evidence

Answer 189

dissemination, communication of research findings

Answer 190

mini-study

Answer 191

Accelerates improvements in healthcare in Canada

Answer 192

National direction on substance use

Answer 193

Makes tools to support mental health/wellness in Canada

Answer 194

Enhance lives of Canadians through advancement of standards in public/private sectors

Answer 195

aim to.. - monitor/assess quality of healthcare - help partners build capacity for quality improvement - promote research/education leading to improvement in healthcare

Answer 196

Program providing objective, comparative drug information to clinicians