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NURS 205 > 205 > Flashcards

205 Flashcards

1
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Outcome variable that is NOT manipulated (changed by independent variable)

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2
Q

Independent Variable

A

Variable that is manipulated (changes dependent variable)

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3
Q

Antecedent Variable

A

Occurs before the study and can affect the dependent variable

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4
Q

Extraneous Variable

A

Outside variable that may interfere with the results

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5
Q

How to achieve the most control

A

Randomization and elimination of bias

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6
Q

Internal Validity

A

Asks if it was the independent variable that changed the dependent

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7
Q

External Validity

A

Extent to which results of the study can be extended/generalized to other populations/studies

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8
Q

Threats to Internal Validity

A

Selection bias
Mortality
Maturation effects
Instrumentation effects
Testing effects
History threats

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9
Q

Selection Bias

A

The way participants are chosen/grouped

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10
Q

Mortality

A

Loss of attrition of participants

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11
Q

Instrumentation threats

A

Changes in how variables are observed

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12
Q

Testing Effects

A

Repeated testing may change their response

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13
Q

Maturation Effects

A

Changes in an individual over time

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14
Q

History Threats

A

Another event that affects the dependent variable

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15
Q

Threats to External Validity

A

Selection effects
Measurement effects
Reactive Effects

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16
Q

Selection Effects

A

Ideal sample can’t be attained (unbalanced population)

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17
Q

Measurement Effects

A

Using a pre-test lets the people think about responses for follow-up tests

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18
Q

Reactive Effects

A

Change in behaviour due to being studied

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19
Q

Control Group

A

Untreated

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20
Q

Experimental Group

A

Group being tested/manipulated

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21
Q

Homogeniety

A

Level of uniformity among sampling units

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22
Q

Pilot Study

A

Assess feasibility of an approach to be used in a larger scale

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23
Q

Bias

A

Not accurate, but precise

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24
Q

Random Error

A

Accurate, but not precise

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25
Experimental
Randomization, highest level of control
26
Quasi-experimental
No randomization, some control
27
Non-experimental
no randomization, no control
28
True/Classic Experiment
experimental and control, pre-tests and post-tests (normal study)
29
Solomon four-group design
true/classic x2, needs double the amount of people (difficult)
30
After-only Design
No pre-test
31
Non-equivalent control group design
Same as classic, no randomization
32
After-only nonequivalent control group design
No randomization, no pre-test
33
One group (pretest-posttest)
Only experimental group (no control) and no randomization
34
Time Series design
2 pretests and 2 posttest
35
Single-Blind study
only participants are blinded
36
Double-blind study
Participants and investigators are blinded
37
Triple-blind study
Participants, investigators, and data managers are blinded
38
Anonymity
Being unknown to most people
39
Assent
Expression of approval/agreement
40
Benefits
Positive impact from research to party/participant
41
Beneficence
Acts of kindness/charity that go beyond duty - DO NOT HARM
42
Confidentiality
Protecting identity of research subject
43
Consent
People choose to participate freely based on values/wishes
44
Ethics
Disciplined study of mortality
45
Fraud
Data is falsified, fabricated or coerced
46
Justice
Fair sharing of burdens/benefits of research
47
Informed Consent
People can enter/exit freely with full information
48
Process Consent
Automatic consent given by continuing participation (informal)
49
Research Ethics Board (REB)
Review research to assess ethics and approve research
50
Respect for Persons
Treat individuals as autonomous agents
51
Risk-benefit ratio
Benefits outweigh the risks
52
Risks
Possibility of physical/mental injury
53
Comprehension
Informed consent isn’t valid unless the participant understands
54
Indigenous Peoples
Numerous cultures (not just one)
55
Indian
indigenous peoples in Canada that are not inuit
56
Status Indian
Registered under the Indian act
57
Treaty Indian
Status Indian who belongs to a first nation
58
First Nation
Person/group legally known as an Indian band
59
Indigenous Knowledge
Ways of knowing based on language, culture, etc.
60
Indigenous Methodologies
Research that reflects Indigenous worldviews
61
Most important part of collaborative Indigenous research
PARTNERSHIP!!!
62
Components of a Research Article
1. Abstract 2. Background/Literature review 3. Methodology 4. Findings 5. Discussion 6. Limitations 7. References
63
Qualities of a Clinical Article
how-to guides overview of a process summary of guidelines/implications case reports information about new processes, techniques, standards or reviews
64
Critical Appraisal
Organized, systematic approach to evaluating a research study
65
Nursing Paradigms
Positivist/Post-positivist Critical Social Constructivist
66
PICO(T)
Population Intervention Comparison Outcome Time frame
67
SPIDER
Sample Population of Interest Design Evaluate Research type
68
Research hypothesis (scientific)
States the expected relationship between variables
69
Directional Hypothesis
States which way the relationship should exists
70
Nondirectional Hypothesis
States that the relationship exists, not not the direction
71
Null (H0) Hypothesis (Statistical)
States that there is no relationship between variables
72
Causal
Cause and effect (Almost impossible to fully prove)
73
Simplex
Relationship between 2 variables
74
Complex
Relationship between 3 or more variables
75
Level 1
More than one RCT
76
Level 2
One RCT
77
Level 3
Quasi-experimental
78
Level 4
non-experimental study
79
Level 5
More than 1 qualitative studies
80
Level 6
1 qualitative study
81
Level 7
evidence from expert/authorities
82
Boolean operator
Simple words used to combine/exclude keywords (AND = combine different, OR= combine same)
83
Phenomenological
Compare study findings with literature
84
Grounded Theory
Constant comparison of study with literature
85
Ethnographic
Literature concepts provide a framework
86
Ladder of Abstraction (most to least)
Worldview Framework Theories Concepts Variables
87
Consumer
person who consumes product/service
88
Research
Process used to gain solutions and interpret new facts
89
Data
Facts collected together for analysis
90
Phenomena
Something that is observed to occur/exist
91
Evidence-Informed Practice
Ongoing - includes research, clinical expertise, and patient preferences
92
Evidence-Based Practice
Process used to review, analyze and translate scientific evidence
93
Carpers ways of knowing
Empirical Socio-political Art Ethics Personal knowledge
94
Concept
Symbolic representation of abstract ideas
95
Conceptual framework
structure of concepts, theories or both
96
Constructivism
Learners construct knowledge instead of passively absorbing it
97
Context
Personal, social and political environment
98
Critical Social Theory
Focuses on society/culture to challenge power structure
99
Deductive Reasoning
General to specific (top-down)
100
Inductive Reasoning
Specific to General (bottom-up)
101
Epistomology
Theory of knowledge
102
Ontology
Study of being
103
Paradigm
set of beliefs/practices by researchers
104
Post-positivism
Researchers ideas/beliefs influences how they interpret/conclude information
105
Methodology
Discipline-specific principles, rules and procedures
106
Positivism
Uses quantitative methods to study social facts to uncover objective information
106
Positivism
Uses quantitative methods to study social facts to uncover objective information

NURS 205 (2 decks)

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