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NURS 205 > 205 > Flashcards

205 Flashcards

1
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Outcome variable that is NOT manipulated (changed by independent variable)

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2
Q

Independent Variable

A

Variable that is manipulated (changes dependent variable)

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3
Q

Antecedent Variable

A

Occurs before the study and can affect the dependent variable

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4
Q

Extraneous Variable

A

Outside variable that may interfere with the results

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5
Q

How to achieve the most control

A

Randomization and elimination of bias

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6
Q

Internal Validity

A

Asks if it was the independent variable that changed the dependent

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7
Q

External Validity

A

Extent to which results of the study can be extended/generalized to other populations/studies

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8
Q

Threats to Internal Validity

A

Selection bias
Mortality
Maturation effects
Instrumentation effects
Testing effects
History threats

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9
Q

Selection Bias

A

The way participants are chosen/grouped

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10
Q

Mortality

A

Loss of attrition of participants

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11
Q

Instrumentation threats

A

Changes in how variables are observed

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12
Q

Testing Effects

A

Repeated testing may change their response

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13
Q

Maturation Effects

A

Changes in an individual over time

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14
Q

History Threats

A

Another event that affects the dependent variable

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15
Q

Threats to External Validity

A

Selection effects
Measurement effects
Reactive Effects

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16
Q

Selection Effects

A

Ideal sample can’t be attained (unbalanced population)

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17
Q

Measurement Effects

A

Using a pre-test lets the people think about responses for follow-up tests

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18
Q

Reactive Effects

A

Change in behaviour due to being studied

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19
Q

Control Group

A

Untreated

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20
Q

Experimental Group

A

Group being tested/manipulated

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21
Q

Homogeniety

A

Level of uniformity among sampling units

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22
Q

Pilot Study

A

Assess feasibility of an approach to be used in a larger scale

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23
Q

Bias

A

Not accurate, but precise

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24
Q

Random Error

A

Accurate, but not precise

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25
Q

Experimental

A

Randomization, highest level of control

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26
Q

Quasi-experimental

A

No randomization, some control

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27
Q

Non-experimental

A

no randomization, no control

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28
Q

True/Classic Experiment

A

experimental and control, pre-tests and post-tests (normal study)

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29
Q

Solomon four-group design

A

true/classic x2, needs double the amount of people (difficult)

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30
Q

After-only Design

A

No pre-test

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31
Q

Non-equivalent control group design

A

Same as classic, no randomization

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32
Q

After-only nonequivalent control group design

A

No randomization, no pre-test

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33
Q

One group (pretest-posttest)

A

Only experimental group (no control) and no randomization

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34
Q

Time Series design

A

2 pretests and 2 posttest

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35
Q

Single-Blind study

A

only participants are blinded

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36
Q

Double-blind study

A

Participants and investigators are blinded

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37
Q

Triple-blind study

A

Participants, investigators, and data managers are blinded

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38
Q

Anonymity

A

Being unknown to most people

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39
Q

Assent

A

Expression of approval/agreement

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40
Q

Benefits

A

Positive impact from research to party/participant

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41
Q

Beneficence

A

Acts of kindness/charity that go beyond duty - DO NOT HARM

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42
Q

Confidentiality

A

Protecting identity of research subject

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43
Q

Consent

A

People choose to participate freely based on values/wishes

44
Q

Ethics

A

Disciplined study of mortality

45
Q

Fraud

A

Data is falsified, fabricated or coerced

46
Q

Justice

A

Fair sharing of burdens/benefits of research

47
Q

Informed Consent

A

People can enter/exit freely with full information

48
Q

Process Consent

A

Automatic consent given by continuing participation (informal)

49
Q

Research Ethics Board (REB)

A

Review research to assess ethics and approve research

50
Q

Respect for Persons

A

Treat individuals as autonomous agents

51
Q

Risk-benefit ratio

A

Benefits outweigh the risks

52
Q

Risks

A

Possibility of physical/mental injury

53
Q

Comprehension

A

Informed consent isn’t valid unless the participant understands

54
Q

Indigenous Peoples

A

Numerous cultures (not just one)

55
Q

Indian

A

indigenous peoples in Canada that are not inuit

56
Q

Status Indian

A

Registered under the Indian act

57
Q

Treaty Indian

A

Status Indian who belongs to a first nation

58
Q

First Nation

A

Person/group legally known as an Indian band

59
Q

Indigenous Knowledge

A

Ways of knowing based on language, culture, etc.

60
Q

Indigenous Methodologies

A

Research that reflects Indigenous worldviews

61
Q

Most important part of collaborative Indigenous research

A

PARTNERSHIP!!!

62
Q

Components of a Research Article

A
  1. Abstract
  2. Background/Literature review
  3. Methodology
  4. Findings
  5. Discussion
  6. Limitations
  7. References
63
Q

Qualities of a Clinical Article

A

how-to guides
overview of a process
summary of guidelines/implications
case reports
information about new processes, techniques, standards or reviews

64
Q

Critical Appraisal

A

Organized, systematic approach to evaluating a research study

65
Q

Nursing Paradigms

A

Positivist/Post-positivist
Critical Social
Constructivist

66
Q

PICO(T)

A

Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome
Time frame

67
Q

SPIDER

A

Sample
Population of Interest
Design
Evaluate
Research type

68
Q

Research hypothesis (scientific)

A

States the expected relationship between variables

69
Q

Directional Hypothesis

A

States which way the relationship should exists

70
Q

Nondirectional Hypothesis

A

States that the relationship exists, not not the direction

71
Q

Null (H0) Hypothesis (Statistical)

A

States that there is no relationship between variables

72
Q

Causal

A

Cause and effect (Almost impossible to fully prove)

73
Q

Simplex

A

Relationship between 2 variables

74
Q

Complex

A

Relationship between 3 or more variables

75
Q

Level 1

A

More than one RCT

76
Q

Level 2

A

One RCT

77
Q

Level 3

A

Quasi-experimental

78
Q

Level 4

A

non-experimental study

79
Q

Level 5

A

More than 1 qualitative studies

80
Q

Level 6

A

1 qualitative study

81
Q

Level 7

A

evidence from expert/authorities

82
Q

Boolean operator

A

Simple words used to combine/exclude keywords (AND = combine different, OR= combine same)

83
Q

Phenomenological

A

Compare study findings with literature

84
Q

Grounded Theory

A

Constant comparison of study with literature

85
Q

Ethnographic

A

Literature concepts provide a framework

86
Q

Ladder of Abstraction (most to least)

A

Worldview
Framework
Theories
Concepts
Variables

87
Q

Consumer

A

person who consumes product/service

88
Q

Research

A

Process used to gain solutions and interpret new facts

89
Q

Data

A

Facts collected together for analysis

90
Q

Phenomena

A

Something that is observed to occur/exist

91
Q

Evidence-Informed Practice

A

Ongoing - includes research, clinical expertise, and patient preferences

92
Q

Evidence-Based Practice

A

Process used to review, analyze and translate scientific evidence

93
Q

Carpers ways of knowing

A

Empirical
Socio-political
Art
Ethics
Personal knowledge

94
Q

Concept

A

Symbolic representation of abstract ideas

95
Q

Conceptual framework

A

structure of concepts, theories or both

96
Q

Constructivism

A

Learners construct knowledge instead of passively absorbing it

97
Q

Context

A

Personal, social and political environment

98
Q

Critical Social Theory

A

Focuses on society/culture to challenge power structure

99
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

General to specific (top-down)

100
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Specific to General (bottom-up)

101
Q

Epistomology

A

Theory of knowledge

102
Q

Ontology

A

Study of being

103
Q

Paradigm

A

set of beliefs/practices by researchers

104
Q

Post-positivism

A

Researchers ideas/beliefs influences how they interpret/conclude information

105
Q

Methodology

A

Discipline-specific principles, rules and procedures

106
Q

Positivism

A

Uses quantitative methods to study social facts to uncover objective information

106
Q

Positivism

A

Uses quantitative methods to study social facts to uncover objective information

NURS 205 (2 decks)

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