2023 World History Exam Flashcards
Person who assumes financial risk in the hope of making profit
Entrepreneur
Form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx; class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society
Communism
System in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses
Socialism
Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit
Capitalism
Working class
Proletariat
Movement of people from rural areas to cities
Urbanization
Farm, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods
Means of production
German philospher who wrote the Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx
Believed that nature’s methods of war, famine, and disease would restore the population disorder
Thomas Malthus
Cotton industries; raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread and then wove the thread into cloth in their own home
Putting-Out-System
An organization of workers that aims to protect and promote the interests of its members, including wages, benefits, and working conditions
Labor Union
Scottish engineer who set out to make the steam engine more efficient
James Watt
During the Industrial Revolution, life changed in what basic way?
People migrated from rural areas
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?
Britain
What new farming tactic forced peasant farmers off their land?
Inclosure
What was the type of economic system practiced during the Industrial Revolution?
Capitalism
According to the laissez-faire economists, the cure for poverty was what?
Unrestricted free-market
The process of fixing up the poor areas of the city
Urban Renewal
Revolutionized the manufacturing industry with his assembly technique of mass production and Model T automobile
Henry Ford
Campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic bevarages
Temperance Movement
The theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes
Germ Theory
Discovered how antiseptics prevented infection
Joseph Lister
Movement of the 1800s that urged Christrians to do social services
Social Gospel
Business owned by many investors who buy shares of stock and risk only the amount of their investment
Corporation
Nurse in the Crimean War that believed that field hospitals should be clean; Founded the world’s first school of nursing
Florence Nightingale
Shares in a company
Stocks
Nineteenth-century artistic movement whose aim was to represent the world as it is
Realism
What ideal did the “cult of domesticity” put forward?
Womens place were in the home being responsible for their family and not in the work force
Business people who destroyed competition, damaged the free enterprise system, and ran monoplies were called?
Robber Barons
Why did the population of Europe explode between 1800 and 1900?
Improved sanitation and medical advances
Monoplies were thought to do?
Stifle competition, lead to higher prices, and lower quality products or services
Why did art shift to realism?
Artist wanted to show the horrors of Industrial life
A strong feeling of pride and devotion to one’e country
Nationalism
Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807 - 1882), leader of the Red Shirts
Guiseppe Garibaldi
Italian nationalist who became Prime Minister and worked to end Austrian rule in Italy
Camillo Cavour
Hapsburg emperor of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, became emperor at 18
Franz Joseph
Early leader in Italian unification movement, creates secret organization, “Young Italy”, which attempts to crush foreign powers
Giuseppe Mazzini
Forced to announce sweeping reforms after the Revolution of 1905. Promised “freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly, and union in his October Manifesto. Last Czar of Russia.
Nicholas II
Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany, a conservative nationalist
Otto von Bismarck
Someone who wants to abolish all government
Anarchist
Was the kaiser of Germany; “There is only one master in the Reich and that is I.”
Wilhelm II
“Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism, but to her power. The great questions of the day are not to be decided by speeches and majority resolutions – that was the mistake of 1848 and 1849 – but by blood and iron! - Otto von Bismarck
Blood and iron referred to in the speech above represents what?
War and iron will
What were the two primary groups that Bismarck singled out as being threats to Germany?
Catholics and Socialists
Tsar Alexander III launched a program of Russification. What is Russification?
Changing everything about a country’s culture
Why were the Balkans considered a powder keg?
Ottomans, Austria, and nationalist groups all wanted control of the region which led to many uprisings
A political scandal that caused deep divisions in France between Royalists Liberals and Republicans; centered on the 1894 wrongful conviction of Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer in the French army
Dreyfus Affair
Political movement in Britain that aimed to expand suffrage and promote democratic reforms
Chartist Movement
Prejudice or discrimination against Jewish people
Anti-Semitism
Knowing publication of false and damaging statements
Libel
Right to vote
Suffrage
Monarch of England 1837-1901. She was the symbol of British life in the 1800s.
Queen Victoria
French writer and journalist who defended Alfred Dreyfus in an open letter titled “J’ Accuse”
Emile Zola
British law that reformed the electoral system and redistributed seats in House of Commons
Reform Bill of 1832
The campaign against slavery and slave trade
Abolition Movement
British suffragette who campaigned for women’s right to vote in the early 20th century
Emmeline Pankhurst
What was the Opium War?
Many chinese citizens rose up against Britain and violently opposed the trade of a n illegal drug
One of the greatest differences that has caused strife between Ireland and Britain is their difference in Christian denomination. What are their different denominations?
Ireland is mostly Catholic while Britain is mostly Protestant
Britain, France, and others defended the Ottoman Empire against what country in the Crimean War from 1843-1856?
Russia
How were the women’s suffrage movements different in America and England?
England was much more violent and oppressive than America
Leader of the Bolsheviks
Vladimir Lenin
When one country controls another country
Imperialism
Payment for war damages
Reparations
Final set of demands
Ultimatum
Agreement to stop fighting
Armistice
A deadlock in which neither is able to defeat the other
Stalemate
The “draft which required all young men to be ready for military or other services
Conscription
Woodrow Wilson’s list of terms for resolving WWI and future wars
Fourteen Points
A British passenger ship that Germany torpedoed and sank off the coast of Ireland killing almost 1,200 passengers
Lusitania
Provinces of the border of Germany and France, lost by France to Germany, regained by France after WWI
Alsace and Lorraine
During wartime, military supplies and raw materials needed to make military supplies that may legally be confiscated by any belligerent
Contraband
In which all a nation’s entire resources are channeled into the war effort
Total War
Glorification of the military
Militarisn
4 MAIN Causes of WWI
M- Militarism
A- Alliances
I-
Imperialism
N- Nationalism
What served as the “spark” of WWI?
When Serbian nationalist assassinated Franz Ferdinand
After WWI, what countries made up the “Big Four” that were involved in the Treaty of Versailles?
France, Britain, Italy, USA
In general, the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles focused mainly on the punishment of what country?
Germany
The League of Nations was supposed to create a system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace for all, also called ___.
Collective Security
What weapons were used during WWI?
submarines, machine guns, tanks, zeppelins, planes, and gas
What are the characteristics of a fascist country?
ruled by a dictator, use of propaganda, censorship to indoctrinate the people, use of uniforms, rallies, and salutes to unify the people
Laws and programs to help recover from The Great Depression
New Deal
Created New Deal
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Blamed for Great Depression
Herbert Hoover
Secret bars
Speakeasies
African American cultural awakening
Harlem Renaissance
A young woman who rejected the moral values of the Victorian era in favor of new, exciting freedoms
Flapper
The Great Depression ended with the start of what war?
WWII
What year did the stock market crash happen?
1929
The practice of giving into aggression in order to avoid war
Appeasement
Lightning war
Blitzkrieg
Allowed America to sell or let Allied forces borrow weapons and supplies
Lend-Lease A ct
Brutal and costly defeat for Germany in Russia
Battle of Stalingrad
Clash between Japanese and U.S navy, played out six months after Pearl Harbor, ended in victory for the U.S
Battle of Midway
Hitler’s last major offensive in WWII against the western front. The German troops failed to divide Britain, France, and America
Battle of the Bulge
Neville Chamberlain (Britain’s Prime Minister) and Hitler signed this which gave Hitler Sudentenland
Munich Agreement
Hitler and Stalin’a agreement saying there would be no aggression and only friendship with Germany and the Soviet Union
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Served to warn Germans and the world that war crimes would not go unpunished now or in the future and exposed the entire truth about the rumors of Hitler’s regime
Nuremberg Trials
First battle fought completely in the air
Battle of Britain
American code name for atomic bomb research
Manhattan Project
What brought the United States into WWII?
Attack on Pearl Harbor
What event marked the beginning of WWII?
Germany invaded Poland
What was the official end of WWII?
Atomic bombs and Japan surrendered
What event led the Soviet Union to join the Allied Powers?
Germany invaded
Where were the two atomic bombs dropped?
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
