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EnVR194 Soils > 2023 Mid Term > Flashcards

2023 Mid Term Flashcards

1
Q

%CF refers to:

A

Percentage of rocks greater than 2mm in size

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2
Q

What is an S6 stream?

A

Stream under 3m in size that is not fish bearing or a drinking water source

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3
Q

What are the 5 factors in soil formation?

A

Parent material
Time
Biota
Climate
Topography

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4
Q

What are the typical layers of a soil horizion?

A

LFH = (litter, fermentation, humus)
A = (mineral horizion of organic soil or leaching (eluviation)
B = horizion of illuviation (accumulation) materials freed up from A or LFH horizions.
C = Horizion not really effected by soil forming processes

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5
Q

What is an Ah horizon?

A

Humus enriched

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6
Q

What is an Ae horizon?

A

Leaching has occurred

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7
Q

What is an Ahe horizon?

A

Combination of humus enriched and leaching

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8
Q

What is a Bm horizon?

A

Slightly modified

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9
Q

What is a Bt horizon?

A

Clay enriched

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10
Q

What is a Bf horizon?

A

Iron enriched

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11
Q

What is a Bg horizon?

A

Mottling/gleying

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12
Q

What is a Bk horizon?

A

Calcium carbonate present?

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13
Q

What are the three types humus layers?

A

Mor, mull, moder

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14
Q

What is a mor and where does it form?

A

Forms in moist cool climates
Common under coniferus forests
Fungal mycelium is matted in F layer
Few insects, abrupt transitions between layers within LFH

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15
Q

What is a moder?

A

Forms in moderate climates
Found under both deciduous and coniferus forests
Loose mycelium, insects activity
Gradually transitions between layers within LFH

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16
Q

What is a mull?

A

Forms in warm/arid climates
Found in dry forests or grasslands
No Fungal activity, lots of insects
L and F layere very thin, no H layer
Ah layer present

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17
Q

What is a brunisolic soil?

A

Weakly developed
Little or no A horizon
Tends to be young soils
Key horizon is Bm

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18
Q

What is a Chernozem soil?

A

Typically in grasslands

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19
Q

What is a Chernozem soil?

A

Typically in grasslands

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20
Q

What is a gleysol?

A

Waterlogged soil/seasonal water table
Reduction and oxidation of iron
Key horizon is Bg

21
Q

What is a podzol?

A

Rapid leaching
Ae horizon often present
Coarse textured in high rainfall environments
Often coastal or in mountains

Key horizon is Bf

22
Q

What defines an organic soil (soil order)

A

Organic material greater than 40 centimeters
Found in wetlands typically

23
Q

When field texturing, what are the characteristics of sand?

A

Feels grainy, can see individual grains
Non sticky

24
Q

When field texturing, what are the characteristics of silt?

A

Feels gritty when dry, soapy when wet

25
Q

What two types of crusts on earth are there?

A

Oceanic and continental

26
Q

What are the differences between oceanic and continental crusts?

A

Continental = Thick (20 to 90km), less dense and more buoyant, composed of aluminum and silica (granitic)
Oceanic = Thin layer (5 to 10km thick), denser than continental crusts, mostly iron and magnesium (basalt)

27
Q

What are the three types of plate boundaries?

A

Divergent, convergent, transform

28
Q

What defines a divergent plate?

A

Convection currents and other forces pull plates apart
Occurs mainly at mid Oceanic ridges
Creates new lithosphere
Rising magma causes sea floor to diverge

29
Q

What are convergent plates and the three types of them?

A

Occurs where two plates collide
Results in destruction of lithosphere
Results in one plate being subducted by the other

3 types are:
Oceanic-oceanic
Continental-Continental
Oceanic-continetial

30
Q

What are the characteristics and differences between the three types of convergent plates?

A

Oceanic-oceanic =
initiates volcanic activity on ocean floor
Can create new islands
Older plates are heavier and are subducted below younger ones

Continental-Continental =
Little to no subduction occurs
Crust is forced together or onto of each other
Forms mountains

Oceanic-continential =
Ocean crusts are subducted under continental ones
Partial melting results in magma

31
Q

What are transform plate boundaries?

A

Plates slide laterally past you
Movement can cause earthquakes

32
Q

What are the two types of rock weathering?

A

Mechanical and chemical

33
Q

What are the three types of rocks and what are they?

A

Igneous - formed from magma
Sedimentary- formed from surface processes
Metamorphic - formed by heat and pressure

34
Q

Define how igneous rock forms.

A

Lava is extruded onto the landscape and cools quickly with air or water contact.
Crystals do not form; rock is fine textured like basalt and obsidian.

35
Q

Define the difference between felsic and mafic rock.

A

Felsic = high silica content. Rich in light colored minerals (quartz and feldspar). Ie granite. Continental plates are mostly felsic

Mafic = low silica content. Rich in dark minerals (iron and magnesium). Ie basal5. Oceanic plates are mostly mafic.

Rocks can be intermediate between the two as well. Ie Diotrite.

36
Q

What are the different types of intrusive structures.

A

Dikes
Sills
Batholiths
Stocks
Veins

37
Q

What is a dike?

A

Magma gets injected into fractures
Forms vertical walls
Can be a few km long
Varies in chemical composition

38
Q

What is a sill?

A

Intrusions formed when magma is interjected along Sedimentary bedding surfaces (Horizontal)

39
Q

What is a batholith?

A

Pluton of magma greater than 100km that cools below the surface

40
Q

What is a stock?

A

A small intrusion of magma (Small batholith)

41
Q

What is a vein?

A

Crystallized minerals carried ban an aqueous solution/deposited by precipitation. Very narrow, in cracks or forced in rock by pressure

42
Q

How are Sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Can be formed by weathering breaking down existing rocks
Can also be formed from organic materials (limestone, coal)

Material is moved, accumulates, and then lithifies

43
Q

What is evidence of rocks being moved by water?

A

Rocks will be sorted, rounded.

44
Q

What are the two ways sediment is turned to rock?

A

Compaction and cementation

45
Q

How does compaction to form Sedimentary rocks occur?

A

Weight of an overlaying material exerts pressure
For example shale forms from clay being compacted by water

46
Q

How does cementation form rocks?

A

Precipitation from water percolator through sediment fills open spaces and joins particles.

Calcite, silica and iron oxide are the most common cements

47
Q

List some Sedimentary rocks

A

Limestone
Sandstone
Shale
Chert
Conglomerate

48
Q

What are some of the processes involved in the formation of metamorphic rocks?

A

Heat: turns minerals into new forms, changes distribution of minerals.
Usually, due to magma near the surface or rock subsiding deeper around subduction zones.

Pressure: Changes physical properties (ie Sandstone to quartz)

49
Q

What is foliation?

A

Parallel alignment of minerals in metamorphic rock due to pressure.

EnVR194 Soils (5 decks)

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