2023 Flashcards
Semi-automated machine used in urine analysis that produces color
Spectrophotometry
Identify the three layers of the meninges from the innermost, middle, and outer most membranes:
a. Pia mater, Dura mater, Arachnoid
b. Pia mater, Arachnoid, and Dura mater
c. Dura Mater, Arachnoid, and Pia mater
d. Arachnoid, Pia mater, and Dura mateInnermost to outermost layer
B
Which of the following analytes in urine are not affected by improper storage?
a. Ketone
b. Bilirubin
c. Proteins
d. Nitrite
C
Note: Source Graffts
- Ketones: destroyed by volatilization
- Nitrites: decrease as bacteria convert nitrite to
nitrogen
- Bilirubin: decrease due to photooxidation. Converted to biliverdin at exposure to sunlight.
Physical characteristics of urine not included in result or reporting:
a. Foam
b. Odor
c. Color
d. Volume
A
Note:
- Odor could be reported as:
- Ammoniacal: alkaline
- Aromatic: acidic
Interferes with drugs and hormonal analysis?
A. Formalin
B. Sodium fluoride
C. Boric acid
D. Commercial tablet
C.
Formalin - preservative for addis count
Sodium fluoride - good preservative for drug
Commercial tablet - 1 tablet/ 30 mL, convenient when refrigeration is not possible
Which of the following is the preferred urine collection for a pregnancy test?
a. Random urine specimen
b. 24-hour urine
c. First-morning urine
d. Midstream Clean Catch
C
It is essential for preventing false-negative pregnancy tests and for evaluating orthostatic proteinuria
Which does not cause dark brown urine?
a. Nitrofurantoin
b. Clorets
c. Vit. B complex
d. Concentrate sample
B
CSF Results in meningitis
a. Increased CSF glucose and decreased CSF protein
b. Increased CSF glucose and Increased CSF protein
c. Decreased CSF glucose and increased CSF protein
d. Decreased CSF glucose and decreased CSF protein
C
Note: Checkpoint
- Increased levels of glucose is seen in: DM, encephalitis, and conditions associated with intracranial pressure
What test needs to be performed first if the CSF sample is inadequate?
a. Serology
b. Hematology
c. Microbiology
d. Chemistry
C
Note: For low volume specimens = Microbiology first, Hematology, and Chemistry/Serology
Degradationproductsoffibrinandcanhelpto differentiate between traumatic tap and CNS hemorrhage:
a. CSF Lactate
b. CSF Glucose
c. CSF Chloride
d. CSF D-dimers
D
Note:
Hemorrhage = Positive in CSF D-dimer Traumatic tap = Negative
XanthochromiaiscausedbyEXCEPT
a.High protein concentration b.Pyelonephritis
c.Blood
d.Bilirubin high concentration
B
All of the following can cause xanthochromia in CSF:
● Elevated serum bilirubin
● Presence of carotene
● Markedly increased protein
● Melanoma pigment
● Immature liver function (common in infants)
Whichoftheff.willnotcauseabnormalhighSG -iatrogenic cause?
a. Dextran
b. Protein
c. Radiographic dye
d. Talcum powder
D
Abnormally high results—above 1.040—are seen in patients who have recently undergone an intravenous pyelogram. This is caused by the excretion of the injected radiographic contrast media. Patients who are receiving dextran or other high-molecular-weight intravenous fluids (plasma expanders) also produce urine with an abnormally high specific gravity. Possible answer is talcum powder
Answer: Radiographic dye
Which of the ff disease produce a fruity odor
a. Phenol medication - menthol-like odor
b. MSUD - mapple syrup/ burnt sugar
c. Asparagus intake - unusual/pungent
d. STARVATION
D
Phenol medication - menthol-like odor
MSUD - mapple syrup/ burnt sugar
Asparagus intake - unusual/pungent
What is the urine output of an edematous patient?
a. Oliguria
b. Anuria
c. Polyuria
d. Normal
C
The onset of edema (swelling) in the legs due to venous insufficiency can be subtle and gradual, even taking years to develop noticeably, with frequent nighttime urination trips increasing over time.
Color of urine if taking phenazopyridine?
Red-orange brown
Whatistheurinecolorwhenmyoglobinispresentin the urine?
a. Clear red
b. Port wine
c. cloudy/turbid
d. Red and clear urine
D
Note:
- Hematuria: red and cloudy urine
- Hemoglobinuria and/Myoglobinuria: red and clear urine
Healthyvaginaldischargeduringpregnancythatis thin, clear or milky white
a. Leukorrhea
b. Pyuria
c. Cervical mucus
d. Portfolio
A
During pregnancy, the vagina secretes a thin, milky-white discharge called leukorrhea, it usually consists of sloughed-off dead cells and tissue.
Levels of hG during pregnancy usually are expressed in relation to days or weeks after
a. Last normal menstrual period (LNMP).
b. 2nd and 3rd trimester
c. First Trimester
d. First Missed Menses
A
Units used in measuring hCG?
A. IU/mL
B. mg/mL
C. mmol/L
D. ng/mL
A
First to use bioassay in 1928?
a. Galli-Mainini (Spermatogenesis)
b. Frank-Bermann (ovarian hyperemia)
c. Ascheim-Zondek (first test for hCG)
d. Friedmann
C
Urates-uroerythrin pink sediments; Urobilin-orange brown fresh urine
Answer:Firststatementiscorrect,Second statement is wrong (yellow-orange instead of orange-brown)
Polyuria-excretionof3litersormoredueto excessive sweating. Anuria- due to insufficient renal blood supply.
a. First correct, second wrong
b. Second wrong, first correct
c. Both wrong
d. Both correct
Answer: First wrong, second correct
Rationale:
Brunzel pg. 80: Polyuria is excretion of
>3L/day and can be due to excessive water intake. Si Oliguria ang sa excessive sweating, diarrhea, and vomiting. Any condition that decreases blood supply to the kidneys can cause oliguria and eventually anuria if not corrected
Refrigerated urine specimens turned thick with uric acid crystals. Fresh urine is clear if you use the midstream Clean catch technique.
a. First correct, second wrong
b. Second correct, first wrong
c. Both wrong
d. Both correct
B
Note:
Refrigerated urine specimens cause precipitaton of amorphous deposits (amorphous urates/phosphates)
Purpose of kleihauer betke test?
a. Fetal hemoglobin
b. Maternal hemoglobin
c. Acetylcholinesterase
A
Rationale:
A Kleihauer-Betke test is used to quantitate the number of fetal Rh-positive cells in the maternal circulation as a result of fetomaternal hemorrhage.
Bothamnioticfluidandserumlevelsarereportedin terms of multiples of the mode (MoM). The mode is the laboratory’s reference level for a given week of gestation.
a. First statement is correct. Second statement is wrong.
b. First statement is wrong. Second statement is correct.
c. Both statements are correct.
d. Both statements are wrong.
D
Note: Strasinger p. 248: Both serum and amniotic fluid AFP levels are reported in terms of multiples of the median (MoM). The median is the laboratory’s reference level for a given week of gestation.
pH of 6.5 specific gravity decreases due to bromothymol blue.
Specific gravity is used to confirm low concentrations of substances.
a. First statement is correct. Second statement iswrong.
b. First statement is wrong. Second statement is correct.
c. Both statements are correct.
d. Both statements are wrong.
B
Specimen cup is washed with formalin to preserve cells and casts. Sodium fluoride is used as specimen preservative for drug test
a. First correct, second wrong
b. Second correct, first wrong
c. Both wrong
d. Both correct
B
Rationale:
- When preserving urine specimens using formalin, 1 drop of formalin is added to a 30 mL urine.
24-hour urine specimen collection starts and ends with an empty bladder. Suprapubic aspiration specimen used for cytological studies.
a. First correct, second wrong
b. Second correct, first wrong
c. Both wrong
d. Both correct
D
Which among the following will cause an unusual odor in urine?
I.Onion
II. Garlic
III. Asparagus
IV. Rhubarb
Answer: choices na may I,II,III
Rationale:
- Asparagus is notorious for making urine smell like sulfur after you eat it. Our body converts the asparagusic acid it contains into sulfur- containing chemicals. These chemicals leave the body through urine, causing the distinct sulfur smell. Eating large amounts of onions or garlic can also cause this odor. Foods such as beets, fava beans, blackberries and rhubarb can turn urine reddish, or sometimes dark brown
WhichisTRUEaboutamnioticfluidspecimen collection and handling:
1.Immediately after collection, the fluid is dispensed into sterile glass specimen containers
2.All amniotic fluid samples for chemical analysis that must be stored for any length of time must be centrifuged.
3.Specimen for bilirubin analysis must be protected from air moisture.
4. Specimens for phospholipid analysis should be transported on ice and centrifuged
a. 2and4
b. b. 1 only
c. c. 1,2,3, & 4
d. d.1and3
A
Diabeticketoacidosisiswhatformofacidbase disorder?
a. Metabolic Alkalosis
b. Metabolic Acidosis
c. Respiratory Alkalosis
d. Respiratory Acidosis
B
What is the unit used in releasing micral test result?
a. mg/L
b. mg/dL
c. g/L
d. g/dL
B
Which of the following is the greatest source of error in the Glucose Reagent Strip?
a. Low Temperature
b. Improper Storage
c. High Specific Gravity
d. Ascorbic Acid
D
A Watson-Schwartz test was performed, results showed red chloroform. What does the compound contain?
A. Erlich substances and phosphobilonogen
B. Phosphobilonogen only
C. Erlich subtsances and urobilonogen
D. Urobilinogen
D
Note:
- Watson -Swartz test is a classic test used to
differentiate urobilinogen from porphobilinogen. Based on solubility characteristics with respect to pH and solvent type.
- Urobilinogen is SOLUBLE in both butanol and chloroform, producing red color.