2023-01-12 Cumulative

Question 1

Measurement of latitude and longitude

Answer 1

degrees
DD - decimal degrees (ex: 43.64-103.93)
DMS - degrees minute second (ex: 43*, 56’ 31.298 “N)

Question 2

LANDSAT 1 ***

Answer 2

launched in 1972
satellite to study earth and its changes over time
contain overlapping photos

Question 3

Multispectural Scanner (MSS)

Answer 3

oscillating mirror technique that had line scanners to observe earth
designed by Virginia Norwood

Question 4

Virginia Norwood

Answer 4

‘Mother of landsat’
designed MSS which was on Landsat 1

Question 5

geometry (relating to pixels)

Answer 5

where the pixels are

Question 6

radiometry definition (relating to pixels)

Answer 6

what color the pixels are

Question 7

World Reference System (WRS)

Answer 7

path and row system/grid satellites follow

Question 8

satellite vs aerial photos

Answer 8

satellite images are more vertical than aerial photos and thus have a larger footprint
aerial/landsat images are normally lower resolution

Question 9

radiometry (relating to LANDSATs)

Answer 9

LANDSATs see beyond the visible light spectrum
infrared allows for
-seeing beyond visible light
-showing vegetation (as bright white) vs cities (darker)
useful for using different bands for different uses

Question 10

pansharpening

Answer 10

using pan bands to sharpen photos

Question 11

vectors

Answer 11

creating/saving data about how to mathematically make pixels (as opposed to the pixels themselves)

Question 12

Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

Answer 12

process of translating raster to vector through recognition of words/symbols

Question 13

raster vs vector

Answer 13

raster
-more realistic
-more numerous because more realistic
-highlights/takeaway
-usually don’t have attribute tables
-in color
-more analog
vector
-have attribute tables
-can get complicate because raster can’t do many of vector’s properties
-more digital

Question 14

Features that make vector more complicated: compound features

Answer 14

features that have multiple parts can be recognized by vector (ex: Michigan’s 2 parts)

Question 15

Features that make vector more complicated: inclusions

Answer 15

ex: Le Soto in South Africa because Le Soto is a country within South Africa but isn’t a part of it

Question 16

Features that make vector more complicated: topology

Answer 16

planar and non-planar
nodes where planar data overlap
advanced properties concerning overlap of information
ZOOM INTO INTERSECTIONS OF LINES TO SEE OVERLAPS/LACK THEREOF
spaghetti data: lines don’t connect

Question 17

Features that make vector more complicated: undershoots/overshoots

Answer 17

ZOOM INTO INTERSECTIONS OF LINES
points and lines are either too far or not far enough to the desired location of intersection
snapping (on/off): correcting position of desired intersection

Question 18

Landsat sensors/bands

Answer 18

different sensors process different wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum
bands are combined to create photos and refer to the part of the EM spectrum being shown

Question 19

CIR

Answer 19

Color Infrared Imagery
RBD = NRG
Near infrared
visible Red
visible Green
denotes healthy vegetation with blue and more sparse areas with red

Question 20

NDVI

Answer 20

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
helps filter out higher levels of wavelengths/accounts for differences in brightness
between 0 and 1
vegetation renders white
unvegetated areas renders black/darker

Question 21

stretching

Answer 21

darkening dark pixels and whitening light pixels to utilize a higher range of colors

Question 22

levels

Answer 22

0, 1, 2 ; very raw > less raw
how raw are the data/levels of processing LANDSAT data

Question 23

collections

Answer 23

Landsat collections
comparing changes in historical maps to see if changes occurred as a result of errors or time
major reprocessing of Landsat archives

Question 24

ergonomics

Answer 24

repetition of actions
voice control
vibration
re-injury

Question 25

stereophotography

Answer 25

works by giving each eye a different image
important for 3D photos and aerial photos to provide multiple angles of the same location
photos taken eye distance apart

Question 26

pixel depth

Answer 26

how many bits of info per pixel on screen (in the form of black, grey or color)

Question 27

1 bit

Answer 27

1 or 0
black and white
can be good with higher radiometric resolution

Question 28

8 bit

Answer 28

greyscale
NOT BLACK AND WHITE
one dimension

Question 29

DEM

Answer 29

digital elevation model
white and black pixels are elevated

Question 30

24 bit

Answer 30

color
red, green, blue each get a bit

Question 31

transparency

Answer 31

4th bit after red, green, blue

Question 32

compression

Answer 32

recording the image with smaller bytes

Question 33

lossy compression

Answer 33

degrades the image
JPEG

Question 34

JPEG

Answer 34

bad with sharp letters
good with shapes of colors
can compress well
not as high quality as PNG

Question 35

lossless compression

Answer 35

exac same pixels but mathematically recorded with fewer bytes
compressed image still looks the same, not degraded

Question 36

tiff

Answer 36

tag image file format
can be used to store undegraded pixels
not for display.. for storage

Question 37

PNG

Answer 37

for transparency and perfect colors
generally higher quality than JPEG
APNG: animated PNG

Question 38

Geotiff

Answer 38

tiff with geographic information/data sets, FOR DATA
common and can be multiple files

Question 39

Shapefile

Answer 39

NOT just one file, usually a folder

Question 40

GPX

Answer 40

basic format for GPS data

Question 41

KML/KMZ

Answer 41

google earth file/zipped KML text file

Question 42

side car file

Answer 42

every tiff has a tfw which is a world file
if it ends with a ‘w’ (ex: .gfw) it’s a probably geographic info