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Remote Sensing and GIS > 2023-01-10 Test > Flashcards

2023-01-10 Test Flashcards

1
Q

GIS

A

geographical information system
spatial system that creates, manages, analyzes, and maps all types of data

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2
Q

Raster

A

pixels for graphics/a format of data

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3
Q

vectors

A

another form of data/mathematical formula

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4
Q

scale

A

expressed in a ratio
ratio numbers only are useful on paper
scale bars utilized on digital images
if ratio is smaller, then the map is larger scale
large scale maps = high detail but low area
as area covered increases, errors increase

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5
Q

contour lines

A

lines on a map that indicate topographical differences

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6
Q

iteration culture and collaborative iteration

A

cite your sources
put your name (who-what-when) on map
file names with hyphens
make them editable later and post your data/layers
copyright notices

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7
Q

Ptopo graphs

A

show elevation/tophography
hills, mountains, valleys, etc

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8
Q

three Cs

A

Contrast – separate facetypes and elements that are clearly distinct (attention getting and emphasizes important elements)
Concordant – one type family without variety in shape/style/weight (harmonius but dull)
Conflicting – combination of similar typefaces but not the same (disturbing)

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9
Q

design is ___ for ___ ____

A

fundamental, communicating effectively

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10
Q

good lies for map making

A

generalizations such as cities represented as dots

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11
Q

bad lies for map making

A

chloropleth map (maps that have misleading percentages)
misleading colors (maps that lack a color series)

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12
Q

Tufte’s

A

Data vs Chartjunk
data to ink ratio matters
how much of the markings on the map actually matter/give meaning
go easy on the grid, let the data shine, not retreat

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13
Q

Campbell’s 6 Principles

A

use the space given
use normal english
watch the colors
just utilize one legend
put your name on it (who/what/when/where)
high resolution

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14
Q

Geodesy

A

precise measurement of the Earth’s shape and size

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15
Q

datum

A

reference point
given that ___, then ___
helps give more precise values

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16
Q

common datums

A

NAD27 : made in 1927, not used for new maps, utilizes Clark 1866
WGS84 : datum for GPS

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17
Q

types of maps

A

conformal, equal-area, compromise

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18
Q

conformal maps

A

conforms to shapes/preserves shape
preserves angles but not lengths

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19
Q

equal area maps

A

shapes are distorted but not that badly
preserve area measure

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20
Q

compromise maps

A

not conformal or equal-area
ex: Robinson, Winkle, Equirectangular

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21
Q

contrast

A

avoid similar elements on the same page
clarifies communication and catches eye

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22
Q

repetition

A

repeat elements throughout for organization and unity

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23
Q

alignment

A

each element must have a visual connection with another element
can help with intellectual organization to give the layout more strength

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24
Q

proximity

A

place related elements close for cohesion and organization

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25
Q

Earth’s Datum

A

ellipsoid/3D circle

26
Q

projection

A

transferring longitude and latitude onto a plane surface

27
Q

Photography History

A

remote sensing = photography
1854 - stereophotography
1860 - aerial photos
1914 - panorama
1930s - mass aerial photos from FDR’s new deals
post-1988 - maps become abstractions of aerials

28
Q

types of photography

A

stereo
pano
repho

29
Q

mosaic

A

stitched panoramas

30
Q

aerial photos (3 characteristics)

A

heavily overlap
1: leaf on vs leaf off – representation of foliage within maps, leaf off can allow for more ground feature detail
2: vertical vs oblique – straight down or from an angle
3: orthophoto/orthorectified: corrected for use

31
Q

ortho

A

corrected, worked on, can be used, not wobbly

32
Q

DOQ

A

digital orthophoto quad

33
Q

resolution

A

what you can discriminate from other things/what the smallest entity you can make out on the photo/map

34
Q

measurements of resolution

A

pixels (ex: dots per inch [dpi])
scale (1:80,000)
smallest thing you can make out

35
Q

GPS

A

Global Positioning System
tells you longitude and latitude
NAVSTAR GPS (1978) becomes GPS for the public
GPS was opened up to the public around the Cold War after Russia shoots down an aircraft accidentally crossing their territory

36
Q

differential GPS (DGPS)

A

a system to correct GPS signals that utilizes reference stations nearby to correct mobile GPS receivers
helps selective availability

37
Q

selective availability

A

intentional degradation of GPS by the government for national security reasons

38
Q

Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)

A

uses differential GPS, country-size GPS scale, covers North America only

39
Q

hardcopy maps

A

drawn/written/printed

40
Q

digitizing/digital maps

A

process of collecting digital coordinates, usually satellite or aerial

41
Q

map components: data area/pane

A

largest part of map, contains most of spatial data

42
Q

map components: netaline

A

provides frame around map elements

43
Q

map components: insets

A

contains additional elements (zoom in of part of map)

44
Q

map components: map scale

A

ratio of distance on the map corresponding to ground distance

45
Q

map components: graticule

A

lines on a map that represent constant longitude and latitude/set of coordinate lines

46
Q

map components: grid

A

line of constant coordinates (doesn’t show latitude or longitude)

47
Q

feature map

A

maps points, lines, or areas, nominal information, not ortho/to scale

48
Q

chloropleth maps

A

quantitative information

49
Q

dot density map

A

quantitative data, dots or other point symbols represent values

50
Q

isopleth/contour maps

A

represents continuous surfaces
ex: rainfall, elevation, temperature

51
Q

map generalizations

A

unavoidable approximation of real features when represented on a map

52
Q

map generalizations: fused

A

multiple features grouped to form larger feature

53
Q

map generalizations: simplified

A

boundary/shape details rounded off

54
Q

map generalizations: displaced

A

offsetting feature to prevent overlap or provide distance between symbols

55
Q

map generalizations: omitted

A

feature is omitted

56
Q

map generalizations: exaggerated

A

larger than true size

57
Q

cartography

A

art and technique of making maps to communicate spatial data/information

58
Q

cartography: point

A

symbol size, unit (1/55th of an inch)

59
Q

metadata

A

‘data about the data’
information about spatial data, required for effective use of spatial data

60
Q

mercator map

A

useful for navigation in the past for sea
conformal cylindrical
distorts the map and does not show true size of continents
most popular projection because uses relative sizes accurately
pulls the poles and distorts areas around the poles the most

Remote Sensing and GIS (4 decks)

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