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Geography > 2022 Summer Work > Flashcards

2022 Summer Work Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of a natural hazard?

A

Natural hazards are extreme natural events that can cause loss of life, extreme damage to property and disrupt human activities.

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2
Q

What is the outer layer of the earth called?

A

Crust

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3
Q

What do we call a piece of the earth’s crust?

A

Tectonic Plate

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4
Q

Which type of plate boundary is caused when plates scrape past each other? Can you name an example of such a plate boundary?

A

Conservative Plate Boundary
San Andreas Fault California

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5
Q

Which scale is currently used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes?

A

The Richter scale

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6
Q

Which piece of equipment is used to record the power of earthquakes and what does it produce?

A

A seismograph,
Produces digital graphic recording of the ground motion caused by the seismic waves, called a seismogram.

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7
Q

What do all of the following have in common: Hurricane? Cyclone? Typhoon?

A

Tropical Storms

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8
Q

Describe the main location of tropical storms across the world?

A

Tropical storms usually form between 5° and 30° latitude.

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9
Q

What temperature does the sea need to reach for a tropical storm to form?

A

At least 27°C.

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10
Q

What were the immediate impacts of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

6500 killed, 30,000 fishing boats destroyed, Crops destroyed.

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11
Q

What is the difference between the greenhouse effect and global warming?

A

Global warming is the change in the climate of the earth causing it to heat up.
The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring phenomena always occurring due to the atmosphere and sunlight.

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12
Q

Which four gases are most responsible for global warming?

A

Carbon Dioxide.
Methane.
Nitrous Oxide.
Fluorinated Gases.
Water Vapour

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13
Q

True or false: Britain’s weather is getting more extreme?

A

True

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14
Q

What were the causes of the extreme weather event known as ‘the Beast from the East’?

A

Caused by change to the northern polar jet stream, which twisted its direction unexpectedly, drawing in cold air to the UK from the east.

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15
Q

What is the difference between mitigation and adaptation in relation to climate change?

A

Adaptation is adjusting to current/future effects of Climate Change.
Mitigation is making the impacts of climate change less severe by preventing or reducing the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

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16
Q

What are 2 major effects of climate change?

A

Sea levels rising and more intense weather (eg. Heatwaves)

17
Q

Carbon dioxide is the most prevalent greenhouse gas. True or false?

A

True, it is the most abundant greenhouse gas released by humans.

18
Q

What is the term for where a river begins?

A

Source

19
Q

What is the term for where 2 rivers meet?

A

Confluence

20
Q

What is the term for a small stream that joins the main river?

A

Tributary

21
Q

Name 4 processes of erosion that take place in a river

A

Hydraulic Action, Abrasion, Attrition, Corrosion.

22
Q

Name the 4 processes by which a river can transport material?

A

Solution - minerals are dissolved in the water and carried along in solution.
Suspension - fine light material is carried along in the water.
Saltation - small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed.
Traction - large boulders and rocks are rolled along the river bed.

23
Q

What is the thalweg on a river?

A

The thalweg denotes where greatest velocity is in a river.

24
Q

Does water flow fastest on the inside or outside of a meander?

A

Outside bend.

25
Q

Describe the formation of a waterfall – use a diagram if you wish.

A

The soft rock erodes more quickly, undercutting the hard rock.
The hard rock is left overhanging and because it isn’t supported, it eventually collapses.
The fallen rocks crash into the plunge pool. They swirl around, causing more erosion.
Over time, this process is repeated and the waterfall moves upstream.
A steep-sided gorge is formed as the waterfall retreats.

26
Q

What is the name given to the point where the land meets the sea?

A

The Coast

27
Q

What is the difference between a destructive and a constructive wave?

A

With a constructive wave, the swash is stronger than the backwash. With a destructive wave, the backwash is stronger than the swash.

28
Q

What is the name of the process by which waves move material along a beach?

A

Longshore Drift

29
Q

What is a discordant coastline?

A

Coastlines where the geology alternates between bands of hard rock and soft rock are called discordant coastlines.

30
Q

What are the main landforms created by the sea at a discordant coastline?

A

Headlands and Bays

31
Q

What is the difference between hard and soft engineering when defending a coastline from erosion?

A

Hard Engineering: Artificial, man-made structures used to protect coastlines against erosion.
Soft Engineering: This is a more natural, sustainable approach, focusing on smaller-scale techniques that align with the natural environment.

32
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

An ecosystem is a natural environment and includes the flora (plants) and fauna (animals) that live and interact within that environment.

33
Q

What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors?

A

Abiotic factors are non-living variables that can influence where organisms can live.
Biotic factors are interactions associated with living organisms. They can also influence the distribution of organisms in an ecosystem.

34
Q

What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?

A

A food chain outlines who eats whom. A food web is all of the food chains in an ecosystem.

35
Q

What is a primary consumer?

A

All animals above the producer are called consumers. The first is the primary consumer. They consume the producer.

36
Q

Describe the location of the earth’s remaining rainforests.

A

Tropical rainforests are found between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.

37
Q

Where does the word ‘tundra’ get its name from?

A

The word “tundra” derives from the Finnish word tunturia, meaning barren or treeless hill. Edmundo Pisano called it tundra since he considered the low temperatures key to restrict plant growth.

38
Q

What is permafrost and what challenges does it cause in cold environments like Alaska?

A

Permafrost - this is the layer of frozen soil under the Earth’s surface. Thawing permafrost can destroy houses, roads and other infrastructure.

Geography (14 decks)

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