Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NEUR 10 > 2022 Final > Flashcards

2022 Final Flashcards

1
Q

Fast axoplasmic transport takes place along which cytoskeletal element?

A

Microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The most common tumors of the CNS involve

A

Astrocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Proteins are synthesized

A

At ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which disorder is most associated with abnormalities in dendritic spines?

A

Fragile X syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

At a membrane potential of +60mV, which ion has the most positive driving force (i.e. the largest positive value)?

A

Potassium (K+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The following statements about the resting membrane potential of neurons are all true EXCEPT:
a) The sodium-potassium pump moves ions against their concentration gradients
b) At the resting potential, the diffusion and electrical forces on K+ ions are both zero
c) There is an excess of negative charge on the inward side of the cell membrane
d) The driving force on sodium is greater than the force on potassium

A

At the resting potential, the diffusion and electrical forces on K+ ions are both zero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

If the intracellular sodium concentration was raised by a factor of ten from its usual level, the sodium equilibrium potential would be closest to

A

0mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The driving force on potassium is largest at which point in the action potential?

A

Peak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In the ball and chain model, the voltage-gated sodium channels involved in the action potential have a pore that is sometimes blocked by a protein plug. This occurs in which state of the channel?

A

Inactivated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The local anesthetic lidocaine works by blocking

A

Sodium channels in the smallest sensory axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The presynaptic terminal contains all the following EXCEPT
a) Active zones
b) G-protein coupled receptors
c) Mitochondria
d) Transmitter vesicles

A

G-protein coupled receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamine neurotransmitters?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Otto Loewi’s frog heart experiment is famous (and earned a Nobel Prize) because it demonstrated that

A

Neurons communicate using chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Of the steps listed below for peptide neurotransmitters, which is the last in the sequence?
a) Formation of secretory vesicles
b) Axoplasmic transport to the axon terminal
c) Processing in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
d) Processing in the Golgi apparatus

A

Axoplasmic transport to the axon terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The neurotransmitter GABA is synthesized from what other neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The following statements about transporter proteins are all correct EXCEPT
a) They move transmitters from the extracellular space into neurons
b) They move transmitters from the cytosol into vesicles
c) They are blocked by some psychoactive drugs
d) They move proteins into the Golgi apparatus

A

They move proteins into the Golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which of the following manipulations would result in the largest EPSP? (Excitatory postsynaptic potential)
a) Opening 300 Cl- channels
b) Closing 300 Na+ channels
c) Opening 300 Ca++ channels
d) Opening 300 K+ channels

A

Opening 300 Ca++ channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

NMDA is an _____________ for a subtype of ____________ receptors.

A

agonist; glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When a G-protein is activated
a) GTP is bound to the alpha subunit
b) The beta/gamma subunit is separated from the alpha subunit
c) It is tightly bound to the G-protein-coupled receptor
d) More than one of the above

A

More than one of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Once phospholipase C (PLC) is activated, all of the following will occur EXCEPT
a) IP3 will be generated
b) DAG will be generated
c) PKC will be activated
d) cAMP will be generated

A

cAMP will be generated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The Tiny Little Horse Named Peter is in your lumbar spinal canal and wants directions to your 4th ventricle. Which directions below are most accurate? “From the lumbar spine go ________ to get to the 4th ventricle.”

A

Rostral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Now that Peter is positioned in your 4th ventricle with a thin membrane over his head and brain tissue under his hooves. The brain area under his hooves is the ______ and Peter marvels at the fact that this brain area develops from the ________.

A

medulla; hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In a freak accident in the custodial closet, your brain gets soaked in Pinesol, which stains white matter neon green. Which brain structure below would be stained green?
a) striatum
b) internal capsule
c) superior colliculus
d) amygdala

A

Internal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

You want to measure the density of glutamate receptors in a living person’s brain. Which imaging technique would allow you to do this without harming the person’s brain?

A

PET scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The lateral ventricles are

A

The only ventricles that do not touch the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why is the resting membrane potential of photoreceptors more positive than the resting potential
of most other neurons?

A

Sodium leaks into the photoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Accommodation is the eye’s mechanism for

A

Changing to see things near and far

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Peter the tiny horse was fooling around with a miniature chainsaw and he accidentally made a lesion in your visual system. He felt real bad and apologized profusely. Which lesions did he make that produced blindness for everything to the left of the point of fixation?

A

Right optic tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Area V1 is organized in all of the following ways EXCEPT
a) Columns of cells from layer 2 to 6 prefer similar stimulus orientation
b) Columns of cells from layer 2 to 6 receive input dominated by either the left or right eye
c) Columns of cells from layer 2 to 6 prefer stimuli that are either near or far
d) Cells are organized retinotopically across V1

A

Columns of cells from layer 2 to 6 prefer stimuli that are either near or far

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Later on, Peter the tiny horse was fooling around with a potato peeler and he somehow managed to peel off and destroy the most dorsal layer of your left LGN. He felt real bad and apologized profusely. Information from what type of retinal input was lost?

A

Contra parvo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Peter’s mom took away all his “toys” and told him to go to his room and think about what he had done. Unfortunately, as he ran to his room in the middle ear, he completely trashed layers 1, 2, and 3 of your primary visual cortex. He felt sort of bad about that but said it was really his mother’s fault. Which visual streams were least damaged by the loss of layers 1, 2, and 3?

A

Magno

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which visual structure appears to be most specialized for the processing of information about motion?

A

Area MT/V5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

In certain situations, you see better with your peripheral retina than with your fovea. An example of peripheral vision being better than foveal vision is

A

Visual sensitivity at night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

When sound enters the ear, which of the ossicles is the first to move?

A

Malleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Dog whistles emit high sound frequencies (over 20kHz) that most humans cannot hear. Babies can hear higher frequencies than adults and Baby Scala has the remarkable ability to hear a dog whistle even though she can’t verbalize how annoying the sound is. The portion of the basilar membrane most likely to respond to the dog whistle is

A

Narrow base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the primary way in which the high frequency of the dog whistle would most likely be conveyed to Baba Scala?

A

Tonotopy along the basilar membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The cause of otoacoustic emissions is

A

Movements of the basilar membrane produced by outer hair cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The following structures all receive input from both ears EXCEPT
a) Inferior colliculus
b) Medial geniculate nucleus
c) Superior olive
d) Cochlear nucleus

A

Cochlear nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Pacinian corpuscles respond best to vibrating stimuli due to their

A

rapidly adapting response property

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Nociceptive information
a) is carried through A delta and C fibers
b) crosses the midline at the level of the medulla
c) travels through axons that are smaller in diameter than axons carrying touch information
d) More than one of the above
e) All of the above

A

More than one of the above

41
Q

Two point discrimination is most accurate in parts of the body with
a) a high density of receptors
b) small receptive fields
c) large magnification factors in central maps
d) More than one of the above
e) All of the above

A

All of the above

42
Q

Overexpression of the SCN9A gene resulting in a higher density of Nav1.7 sodium channels could cause

A

hypersensitivity to pain (lower threshold for painful stimuli)

43
Q

T. Swift takes a bite of a Caliente burrito with crazy amounts of super-hot sauce and feels a burning sensation on her lips. Knowing Neuroscience, possessing a creative mind and dealing with a burning sensation, she imagines the receptor molecules responsible for generating somatosensory signals in her lips are talking to her, and she sees the responsible molecule step forward and say, “It’s me, hi, I’m the problem, it’s me.” Which receptor is
responsible for generating nociceptive signals associated with the pain experienced from hot sauce?

A

TRPv channels

44
Q

Mu opioid receptors (MORs)
a) are located in the neurons in the spinal cord
b) bind enkephalins and endorphins
c) are blocked by naloxone
d) All of the above

A

All of the above

45
Q

Blockage of action potentials in the right half of the thoracic spinal cord would cause all of the following EXCEPT
a) Loss of movement in the right foot
b) Loss of touch in the right foot
c) Loss of pain in the right foot
d) More than one of the above

A

Loss of pain in the right foot

46
Q

You want to flex your arm (bring your fist towards your face). Which of the following occur when you do this?
a) Increased action potentials in alpha motor neurons innervating your biceps muscle
b) Decreased action potentials in alpha motor neurons innervating your triceps muscle
c) Increased action in gamma motor neurons innervating your biceps muscle
d) More than one of the above
e) All of the above

A

All of the above

47
Q

Compared to slow-twitch muscle fibers, fast-twitch muscle fibers

A

Generate more force

48
Q

Compared to muscles with large motor units, muscles with small motor units

A

are capable of movements with finer control

49
Q

If your Golgi-tendon organs are not functioning properly you are likely to

A

Generate an inappropriate amount of force when performing delicate manipulations with
objects in your hand

50
Q

Which stimuli is most likely to generate the most action potentials in Ia afferents?

A

Pulling on a tendon

51
Q

Exaggerated knee jerk reflexes is a sign of damage to the

A

Corticospinal tract

52
Q

Increased activity of neurons in the globus pallidus that project to the ventrolateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus would cause

A

Decreased motor activity

53
Q

Which of the following tasks would be the most difficult for a person with damage to the cerebellum?

A

Touching a moving target with their finger

54
Q

Diffuse modulatory systems generally have all of the following properties EXCEPT
a) They tend to activate ionotropic receptors
b) They arise from one or more nuclei that project to broad areas of the brain
c) Neurotransmitter release is diffuse, affecting many neurons
d) A single axon can make thousands of synapse

A

They tend to activate ionotropic receptors

55
Q

The noradrenergic system originates in the

A

Locus coeruleus

56
Q

Male montane voles normally have low levels of vasopressin receptors in the ventral pallidum. If they are made to overexpress vasopressin receptors in the ventral pallidum, the male voles

A

Become more monogamous

57
Q

In the sympathetic division of the ANS all of the following take place EXCEPT
a) Organs are innervated by noradrenergic neurons
b) A synapse is made in ganglia near the spinal cord
c) Activity causes the heart to beat faster
d) Activity causes digestion to speed up

A

Activity causes digestion to speed up

58
Q

Blocking acetylcholine receptors in the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system would cause
a) Decreased activity in sympathetic axons
b) Decreased activity in parasympathetic axons
c) Decreased activity in motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle
d) More than one of the above
e) All of the above

A

More than one of the above

59
Q

Roger rat is really thirsty but his only two choices are sour and bitter liquids and he doesn’t like either of them. What a dilemma for Roger! What happens if you inject glucose into his stomach when he drinks the sour liquid and water into his gut when he drinks the bitter liquid?

A

He will drink the sour water more than the bitter water even though he does not like either one

60
Q

Most of the diffuse modulatory system nuclei are located in the

A

Brainstem

61
Q

Chronically high levels of stress cause all the following EXCEPT
a) Loss of cells in the hippocampus
b) Degeneration of hypothalamic dendrites
c) Elevated cortisol levels
d) High blood pressure

A

Degeneration of hypothalamic dendrites

62
Q

When you are outside on a cold cloudy day, all of the following would heat your body EXCEPT
a) Secretion of TSH by the pituitary
b) Dilation of the blood vessels
c) Shivering
d) Increasing body metabolism

A

Dilation of the blood vessels

63
Q

Which nucleus in the hypothalamus integrates information from temperature sensors and uses this information to regulate body heat?

A

Preoptic area

64
Q

All of the following are components of the body’s response to low blood volume (hypovolemia) EXCEPT?
a) The kidneys detect low blood volume
b) The hypothalamus activates the parasympathetic nervous system
c) The lateral hypothalamus initiates water-seeking behaviors
d) ADH causes the kidneys to retain water

A

The hypothalamus activates the parasympathetic nervous system

65
Q

Prader-Willi syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with

A

Persistently high ghrelin levels

66
Q

Which of the following is an anorectic peptide?

A

CART

67
Q

Which of the following is part of the orchestrated response to high levels of leptin in the blood?

A

Inhibition of MCH and orexin neurons in lateral hypothalamus

68
Q

As part of its “veggies are fun” meal program, the Ratty makes an enormous quantity of disgusting pickled potato and prune burger patties. To retaliate and prevent further illness, you decide to make an army of voracious rats to go eat the remaining patties. You are most likely to make very hungry rats with which of the following manipulations

A

Lesion the ventromedial hypothalamus

69
Q

An online security question asks you the name of your first pet. Fondly retrieving the name of your long-gone goldfish “Mr. Glubs” probably involves moving information

A

From long term memory to working memory

70
Q

The memory of patient H.M. after his surgery is often used to estimate the length of time it takes to consolidate memory. Which time periods suggests the duration of consolidation?

A

The length of time for which he had retrograde amnesia

71
Q

The response properties of place cells and grid cells suggest most directly that the medial temporal lobe is heavily involved with

A

Spatial memory

72
Q

It has been hypothesized that the loss of place cells and grid cells is involved in the memory loss associated with which disorder?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

73
Q

The multiple trace model (MTM) of memory storage is significantly different than the standard model (SM) in which way?

A

In the MTM, memories are stored in both the hippocampus and in neocortex

74
Q

There is a lot of interest in devising ways to erase unpleasant memories such as those associated with PTSD. In an experiment we discussed, rats formed a fearful memory of an electrical jolt to its feet that was paired with a loud sound. What was the essential aspect of the experiment that appeared to erase the fearful memory the day after the fearful memory was formed?

A

The memory was reactivated a day later by the loud sound and electroconvulsive shock (ECS)
was administered but no foot shock

75
Q

Which of the following is not a declarative memory?

A

Your hunger that is awoken by the smell of Thanksgiving dinner

76
Q

Three novel faces are presented repeatedly to an animal and the firing of action potentials from neurons in IT cortex are recorded. All of the following are consistent with both data and theoretical models of establishing and maintaining face recognition memory EXCEPT
a) Some neurons will demonstrate a stronger response to face 1 over repeated presentations b) Some neurons will demonstrate a weaker response to face 1 over repeated presentations
c) The cells that develop a stronger response to face 1 are solely responsible for the memory of
face 1
d) If a neuron responds more to face 1 it can also respond less to face 2

A

The cells that develop a stronger response to face 1 are solely responsible for the memory of
face 1

77
Q

In hippocampal slice experiments, a brief, high frequency, burst of stimulation can elicit _____ while a similar period of low frequency stimulation can elicit __________.

A

LTP; LTD

78
Q

A neuron in the hippocampus receives thousands of synaptic input. The associative property of LTP describes the observation that

A

Synapses that are mildly active during a period of time when other synapses are strongly
depolarizing the cell will demonstrate LTP.

79
Q

A “bonk” on the head where you lose consciousness for a few minutes can sometimes cause

A

graded retrograde amnesia

80
Q

If the membrane which contains NMDA channels is not depolarized sufficiently

A

magnesium will block the ion pore

81
Q

LTP will occur if _______ are activated while LTD will occur if _______ are activated

A

protein kinases; protein phosphatases

82
Q

Blocking protein synthesis

A

right after a novel task is learned prevents consolidation

83
Q

Focal seizures

A

Start and stop more gradually than generalized seizures

84
Q

A synchronized EEG is most likely seen

A

During non-REM sleep

85
Q

Which procedure is least likely to decrease epileptic seizures?

A

Blocking GABA receptors

86
Q

Over the course of a night’s sleep, time spent in which sleep phase decreases most dramatically

A

Deep slow wave sleep

87
Q

Which of the following becomes more active early in the night when we fall asleep?

A

Melatonin release into the bloodstream

88
Q

In REM sleep behavior disorder

A

There is a loss of REM atonia

89
Q

The clearest evidence for the mechanism by which caffeine keeps us awake is that

A

It blocks adenosine receptors

90
Q

Of the following disorders, which affects the highest number of people in a given year?

A

anxiety disorder

91
Q

Activation of the HPA axis is implicated in the biological basis of
a) anxiety
b) depression
c) schizophrenia
d) bipolar
e) More than one of the above

A

More than one of the above

92
Q

Which of the following is a treatment for major depression that immediately reduces symptoms?
a) specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
b) ketamine treatment
c) electroconvulsive therapy
d) tricyclic antidepressants
e) More than one of the above

A

More than one of the above

93
Q

Deep brain stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation of the __________ has been demonstrated to relieve symptoms of major depression

A

left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

94
Q

A patient scores very high for depression on a HADS test. ______ would be required for a diagnosis of depression and ________ would be required for a diagnosis of bipolar.

A

High scores that persist for over 2 weeks; rapid changes in scores

95
Q

Benzodiazepine

A

potentiates GABA receptor function

96
Q

All the following are part of the default mode network EXCEPT
a) Hippocampus
b) Posterior parietal cortex
c) Medial prefrontal cortex
d) Primary visual cortex

A

Primary visual cortex

97
Q

What evidence suggests that the default mode network is a “system” rather than a collection of independent areas?

A

Activity in the component areas is synchronized over time

98
Q

What is most likely to be a specific factor as a neural correlate of consciousness?

A

Activity in inferior temporal cortex in response to the picture of a face

99
Q

In which of the following states is a person the least conscious?

A

Vegetative state

NEUR 10 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions