2020 Pass S2 Flashcards
- Which of the following muscles contribute to forming the levator ani?
a. Pubococcygeus and ischiococcygeus
b. Coccygeus and puborectalis
c. Puborectalis and pubococcygeus
d. Iliococcygeus and ischiococcygeus
e. Iliococcygeus and coccygeus
c. Puborectalis and pubococcygeus
2. Which of the following arteries is not a branch of the posterior trunk of the internal iliac? a. Iliolumbar b. Lumbosacral c. Superior gluteal d. Lateral sacral
b. Lumbosacral
- What is the homologous structure to the scrotum in females?
a. Clitoris
b. Labia minora
c. Labia majora
d. Vestibule
c. Labia majora
- The gubernaculum in females forms which structure?
a. Suspensory ligament
b. Cardinal ligament
c. Round ligament of uterus
d. Uterosacral ligament
c. Round ligament of uterus
- Which of the following features is a characteristic of 46 XY Gonadal dysgenesis?
a. Presence of internal male genitalia and external female genitalia
b. Presence of streak gonads
c. Presence of female external genitalia, but retained testes internally
d. Presence of firm, pea-sized testicles
b. Presence of streak gonads
- FSH binding to granulosa cells causes what effect?
a. Production of androgens
b. Secretion of progesterone
c. Inhibit release of inhibins
d. Increased activity of aromatase
d. Increased activity of aromatase
- What is the most common cause of secondary amenorrhoea?
a. PCOS
b. Prolactinoma
c. Pregnancy
d. Primary ovarian insufficiency
c. Pregnancy
- During what tanner stage does menstruation usually occur?
a. Stage 1
b. Stage 2
c. Stage 3
d. Stage 4
e. Stage 5
d. Stage 4
- Menstruation occurs during which days of the endometrial cycle?
a. 0-4
b. 5-9
c. 10-15
d. 25-28
a. 0-4
- Which of the following does the mesonephric duct not develop into?
a. Seminal vesicles
b. Vas deferens
c. Prostate
d. Epididymis
c. Prostate
- A 15-year-old boy presents with no dysmorphic features. He has had some learning
difficulties and had to see a physiotherapist for his speech when he was younger. He
is in the 95 th %ile for height. Which of the following is the likely diagnosis?
a. Klinefelter Syndrome
b. Turner Syndrome
c. Edwards Syndrome
d. Patau Syndrome
e. Fragile X Syndrome
a. Klinefelter Syndrome
When do oestrogen levels peak?
a. Just before menstruation
b. Just after ovulation
c. Early follicular phase
d. Just before ovulation
d. Just before ovulation
Describe the function of the Sertoli cells during spermatogenesis
a. Immune surveillance
b. Main cells of gametogenesis
c. Produce testosterone
d. Secrete matrix to support sperm
e. Metabolic support and nourishment for spermatozoa
e. Metabolic support and nourishment for spermatozoa
What is the normal orientation of the uterus?
a. Anteverted anteflexed
b. Anteverted retroflexed
c. Retroverted anteflexed
d. Retroverted retroflexed
a. Anteverted anteflexed
- Which of the following structures forms the middle 1/3 of the vagina?
a. Mesonephric duct
b. Paramesonephric duct
c. Gonad
d. Urogenital sinus
d. Urogenital sinus
26-year-old woman sees you because she is concerned. She has been trying to fall
pregnant for the past 6 months but has been unsuccessful so far. You decide to do a
test to determine whether she is ovulating or not. What would be the best test to do?
a. Oestrogen day 7
b. Oestrogen day 21
c. Progesterone day 7
d. Progesterone day 21
d. Progesterone day 21
What constitutes a normal amount of menstruation?
a. 10mL
b. 35mL
c. 60mL
d. 100mL
b. 35mL
A young woman presents with pelvic pain occurring during her periods, with ‘deep’
pain during intercourse and pain on defecation during this time. She states that her
periods are regular with little bleeding. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a. Pelvic inflammatory disease
b. Endometriosis
c. Fibroids
d. Adenomyosis
b. Endometriosis
What type of receptors are found on theca cells?
a. Testosterone receptors
b. Progesterone receptors
c. Oestrogen receptors
d. FSH receptors
e. LH receptors
e. LH receptors
A 52-year-old female presents to the GP concerned she has passed through the menopause following no periods for 1 year. What is the cause of the end of the menstrual cycle? a. Reduced GnRH b. Demise of ovarian follicles c. Reduced FSH d. Endometrial atrophy e. Reduced oestrogen
b. Demise of ovarian follicles
Which of the following is a feature of Leydig cells in the testes?
a. Elongated in shape
b. Secrete androgen-binding protein
c. Support developing sperm during spermatogenesis
d. Form the blood-testes barrier
e. Produce testosterone
e. Produce testosterone
A 28-year-old man has sustained a non-salvageable testicular injury to his left testicle.
The surgeon decides to perform an orchiectomy and divides the left testicular artery.
From which of the following does this vessel originate?
a. Abdominal aorta
b. Anterior trunk of the internal iliac
c. Posterior trunk of the internal iliac
d. Inferior epigastric
e. Inferior vesicular
f. External iliac
a. Abdominal aorta
A 48-year-old female presents to the day surgery unit for a bilateral salpingo-
oophorectomy. The surgeon explains the procedure to her. Which of the following
ligaments would the surgeon have to open to access the ovaries and fallopian tubes?
a. Broad ligament
b. Cardinal ligament
c. Ovarian ligament
d. Round ligament
e. Uterosacral ligament
a. Broad ligament
The path of spermatozoa is Seminiferous tubules –> Rete Testis –>_______
a. Epididymis
b. Vas deferens
c. Appendix testis
d. Efferent ductules
d. Efferent ductules
Which of the following receptors is present on the internal urethral sphincter of males? a. alpha1 b. alpha2 c. alpha3 d. beta1 e. beta2 f. beta3
a. alpha1
What is the normal presentation of Trichomoniasis in females?
a. Mucopurulent, bloody discharge
b. Mucopurulent, creamy discharge
c. Asymptomatic
d. Frothy green-yellow discharge
e. “cottage-cheese” discharge
f. Grey, milky discharge
d. Frothy green-yellow discharge
A 17-year-old woman comes to the office because of severe, lower abdominal
cramping for the past three days. She says that she also has purulent vaginal
discharge. She is sexually active with several males at her high school and admits to
only occasional condom use. She is not currently on oral contraceptives. For the past
month, she has been having pain and bleeding during intercourse. Physical
examination shows right lower quadrant tenderness. The abdomen is soft and bowel
sounds are diminished. A pregnancy test is negative. A Gram’s stain from a cervical
swab shows a large number of polymorphonuclear cells and diplococci. A pelvic
ultrasound shows some free fluid in the right lower quadrant. Which of the following
is the most likely diagnosis?
a. Ectopic pregnancy
b. Endometriosis
c. Ovarian Cyst
d. PID
d. PID
A 50 yo man complains of inability to obtain an erection. Has had some issues over
the last year, but now completely unable to obtain erection in the last 6 months.
Diagnosed with T2DM 3 years ago but has not been treating it. Separated from wife 3
years ago and started dating someone new 6 months ago. He is wondering if it is
because of the vasectomy he had 5 years ago. What is the most likely cause of his
erectile dysfunction?
a. Early relationship issues
b. Reduced prolactin from diabetes
c. Vascular changes from intermittent claudication
d. Middle-aged men usually have low testosterone levels
e. Side effect of vasectomy
c. Vascular changes from intermittent claudication
A 15-year-old boy is concerned because he hasn’t started puberty yet. What’s the first sign you’d look for? a. Increased length of penis b. Pubic hair c. Vocal changes d. Acne e. Increased testicular volume
e. Increased testicular volume
Which of the following is suggestive of an infection with Treponema pallidum?
a. Cottage cheese discharge
b. Mucopurulent discharge with blood
c. Malodourous frothy-green discharge
d. Painless chancre
d. Painless chancre
Up to what stage of oogenesis co cells develop in utero?
a. Metaphase II
b. Metaphase I
c. Prophase I
d. Prophase II
e. Anaphase II
c. Prophase I
From which of the following is the outermost layer of the spermatic cord derived?
a. Internal oblique aponeurosis
b. External oblique aponeurosis
c. Transversalis fascia
d. Rectus sheath
e. Campers fascia
b. External oblique aponeurosis
During a routine abdominal CT scan for abdominal discomfort and weight loss, a 25-
year-old gentleman is found to have enlarged para-aortic lymph nodes. What area of
the body should be checked in this gentleman for a potential malignancy, given the
CT findings?
a. Bladder
b. Glans penis
c. Prostate
d. Rectum
e. Testes
e. Testes
Which of the following is the most common reason for female infertility?
a. Ovulatory disorder such as Turner’s syndrome, PCOS, eating disorders
b. Endometriosis
c. Tubal blockage/pelvic adhesions often sequelae to PID
d. Hyperprolactinemia
a. Ovulatory disorder such as Turner’s syndrome, PCOS, eating disorders
Implantation bleeding will normally occur how many days after fertilisation?
a. 1-2
b. 4-6
c. 10-14
d. 15-20
e. 24-26
c. 10-14
At what stages of pregnancy is RhoGAM normally administered?
a. Weeks 8 and 14 and when membranes rupture
b. Weeks 14 and 20 and within 72 hours of delivery
c. Weeks 20 and 24 and within 72 hours of delivery
d. Weeks 24 and 28 and when membranes rupture
e. Weeks 28 and 32 and within 72 hours of delivery
e. Weeks 28 and 32 and within 72 hours of delivery
A cFTS screen identified as being high risk at 16 weeks would normally result in the
recommendation of what procedure being done?
a. Chorionic villus sampling
b. Non-invasive prenatal testing
c. Amniocentesis
d. Nuchal translucency screen
e. Quad Screen test
c. Amniocentesis
Capacitation of sperm normally occurs in the
a. Seminiferous tubules
b. Epididymis
c. Ductus deferens
d. Urethra
e. Uterus
f. Fallopian tube
f. Fallopian tube
The cortical reactions of the ovum occur due to which ion?
a. Na +
b. Ca 2+
c. K +
d. Mg 2+
e. Cl -
b. Ca 2+
hCG levels drops around what week of pregnancy?
a. 4
b. 6
c. 12
d. 16
e. 20
c. 12
Relaxin is principally secreted from where?
a. Placenta
b. Uterus
c. Ovaries
d. Foetus
c. Ovaries
Which of the following physiological changes would you not expect in pregnancy?
a. Blood volume increasing by up to 50%
b. Heart rate increasing by up to 20 beats
c. Increased thyroid activity
d. Increase antithrombin activity
e. Reduced gastric motility
d. Increase antithrombin activity
Which of the following is not a contraindication to combined oral contraceptive pill use? a. Migraine with aura b. Previous DVT c. Untreated STI d. Smoker, > 35 years old e. Uncontrolled hypertension f. Liver disease
c. Untreated STI
What is the hallmark of the tertiary chorionic villus?
a. Proliferation of syncytiotrophoblastic into the stroma of the uterus
b. Formation of foetal capillaries from mesenchyme
c. Extraembryonic coelom derived mesenchyme invades the villus
d. The uterine mesoderm proliferates into the villus
b. Formation of foetal capillaries from mesenchyme
What is the change in reno-vascular values in the first trimester?
a. Increase systolic BP
b. Increase diastolic BP
c. Increase haematocrit
d. Decreased GFR
e. Decreased peripheral resistance
e. Decreased peripheral resistance
Which of the following contraceptive methods works by mainly suppressing follicular development? a. Copper IUD b. Implanon c. Progesterone-only pill d. Mirena IUD e. Combined OCP
e. Combined OCP
A 17-year-old female presents with primary amenorrhoea, normal external genitalia,
normal uterus, fallopian tubes and streak ovaries. What is the most likely cause?
a. 46XX Anorexia Nervosa
b. 46XX Elite Athlete
c. 46XX Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
d. 46XY Androgen Insensitivity
e. 46XY SRY Gene mutation
e. 46XY SRY Gene mutation
A 35-year-old female has been diagnosed with an STI (is currently untreated). While discussing treatment, she asks about contraception. She is a current smoker with a 10-pack-year history, and a BMI of 35. What form of contraception would you recommend to her today? a. Mirena b. Progesterone only ‘mini-pill’ c. Combined OCP d. Copper IUD e. Implanon
b. Progesterone only ‘mini-pill’
What is the mechanism of action of mifepristone to assist with abortion?
a. Progesterone receptor antagonist
b. Progesterone receptor agonist
c. Prostaglandin receptor agonist
d. Prostaglandin receptor antagonist
e. Oestrogen receptor antagonist
f. Oestrogen receptor antagonist
a. Progesterone receptor antagonist
A 29-year-old pregnant women presents to the ED with mild vaginal bleeding. Her
cervical os is closed and ultrasound shows an intrauterine gestational sac. The foetus
has a heart rate of 160. What type of abortion is this?
a. Threatened
b. Missed
c. Incomplete
d. Complete
a. Threatened
A 12-year-old girl has small breast growth, the areola has become continuous with the breast, and has dark pubic and armpit hair. She has started to have a growth spurt. What tanner stage is she in? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5
c. 3
A 32-year-old male is concerned about that his couple’s infertility is because of him.
Him and his wife have been having unprotected vaginal sex for a while. His BMI is
30. What is the most appropriate next step?
a. Weight loss program
b. Check testosterone levels
c. Semen analysis
d. Screen for diabetes
c. Semen analysis
What is the correct order of progression?
a. Zygote Morula Blastocyst
b. Zygote Blastocyst Morula
c. Zygote Trophoblast Blastocyst
d. Blastocyst Morula Trophoblast
a. Zygote Morula Blastocyst
What would you not expect to see in a pregnant woman in 2nd trimester?
a. HR 80
b. BP 142/75
c. Fasting glucose 4.0 mmol/L
d. Bipedal oedema
e. Haemoglobin 100
b. BP 142/75
Which of the following defines infertility in a 34-year-old woman?
a. Inability to conceive after 3 months of regular intercourse without of
contraception
b. Inability to conceive after 6 months of regular intercourse without of
contraception
c. Inability to conceive after 9 months of regular intercourse without of
contraception
d. Inability to conceive after 12 months of regular intercourse without of
contraception
e. Inability to conceive after 18 months of regular intercourse without of
contraception
f. Inability to conceive after 24 months of regular intercourse without of
contraception
d. Inability to conceive after 12 months of regular intercourse without of
contraception
What % of women will experience first trimester bleeding?
a. ~10%
b. ~30%
c. ~50%
d. ~75%
b. ~30%
What is considered average blood loss for a single baby birth for a vaginal and caesarean section respectively? a. 500mL and 1000mL b. 1000mL and 500mL c. 1000mL and 1500mL d. 1500mL and 1000mL e. 1500mL and 2000mL f. 2000mL and 1500mL
a. 500mL and 1000mL
When are the APGAR tests conducted?
a. 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth
b. 1 minute and 10 minutes after birth
c. 5 minutes and 10 minutes after birth
d. 10 minutes and 30 minutes after birth
a. 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth
Which of the following is the antibody that is most predominant in colostrum?
a. IgA
b. IgG
c. IgM
d. IgE
a. IgA
A woman is in the middle of labour. Her cervix is currently at 10cm dilation. In which stage of labour is she? a. Ending Stage 1 – latent b. Beginning stage 1 – active c. At the end of 1-active d. At the beginning of stage 2 e. Beginning stage 3
d. At the beginning of stage 2
Which of the following is the most common reason for dystocia?
a. Macrosomia
b. Cephalopelvic disproportion
c. Psychological stressors
d. Insufficient uterine contractility
d. Insufficient uterine contractility
A patient with a 3 rd degree perineal tear will most likely develop what complication?
a. Vaginal-rectal fistula
b. Urinary incontinence
c. Faecal incontinence
d. Mild inflammation
c. Faecal incontinence
What does the puerperium period encompass?
a. 2 hours post-partum
b. 48 hours post-partum
c. 10 days post-partum
d. 4 weeks post-partum
e. 6-8 weeks post-partum
e. 6-8 weeks post-partum
Which of the following would represent a pathology in a newborn?
a. Acrocyanosis 24 hours postpartum
b. Neonatal jaundice 7 days postpartum
c. 6% weight loss in the first week
d. Not passing meconium in the first 24 hours
e. Not urinating for 48 hours
e. Not urinating for 48 hours
Which of the following is the longest stage of labour?
a. Stage 1
b. Stage 2
c. Stage 3
d. Stage 4
a. Stage 1
How does lactation lead to amenorrhoea?
a. Reduced oestrogen production
b. Inhibits LH release
c. Reduces GnRH release
d. Reduced progesterone release
c. Reduces GnRH release
Which of the following foetal shunts functionally closes with the first breath?
a. Foramen ovale
b. Ductus arteriosus
c. Ductus venosus
d. Umbilical artery
a. Foramen ovale
A cleft palate or defect in the palate of a newborn most likely results from a
teratogenic insult at which stage of gestation?
a. Weeks 3-4
b. Weeks 7-8
c. Weeks 16-18
d. Weeks 26-28
e. Weeks 34-36
b. Weeks 7-8
A 32-year-old female is rushed to the hospital at 31 weeks’ gestation due to the onset
of labour. She is currently in the first stage and physicians are looking at using a
tocolytic to try preventing the delivery. Which of the following would be used?
a. Misoprostol
b. Dexamethasone
c. Betamethasone Valerate
d. Nifedipine
e. Magnesium Sulphate
d. Nifedipine
What is a common side effect that occurs in most general anaesthesia?
a. Irritation of upper respiratory airways
b. Malignant hyperthermia
c. Decreased urine output
d. Cardiovascular depression
d. Cardiovascular depression
What is a component tested in the APGAR score?
a. Blood pH
b. Colour of body
c. Respiratory rate
d. Oxygen saturation
e. Temperature
b. Colour of body
Cardiotocography is used during labour. What does it monitor?
a. Foetal wellbeing; foetal HR and movements
b. Foetal wellbeing; foetal HR and maternal uterine contractions
c. Maternal wellbeing; Foetal HR and maternal uterine contractions
d. Maternal wellbeing; foetal HR and movements
b. Foetal wellbeing; foetal HR and maternal uterine contractions
What is true about the placenta?
a. The umbilical cord attaches in the centre
b. It is thinnest in the middle
c. Placental lacunae contain foetal blood
d. A placenta will on average weight 1-1.2kg
a. The umbilical cord attaches in the centre
The ductus venosus allows bypassing of which organ?
a. Lungs
b. Liver
c. Lower limb
d. Pelvic organs
b. Liver
What causes the initiation of labour?
a. Withdrawal of prolactin
b. Withdrawal of progesterone with the placenta
c. Withdrawal of progesterone reducing inhibition on uterus
d. Withdrawal of oestrogen reducing inhibition on the uterus
c. Withdrawal of progesterone reducing inhibition on uterus
What level perineal tear does an episiotomy give?
a. 1 st degree
b. 2 nd degree
c. 3 rd degree
d. 4 th degree
b. 2 nd degree
Which of the following physiological changes occurs as a direct result of the first
breath after birth?
a. Constriction of umbilical vessels
b. Expression of enzymes for bile production
c. Functional closure of the foramen ovale
d. Increased lung surfactant production
e. Replacement of foetal haemoglobin subunit with adult subunit
c. Functional closure of the foramen ovale
What is the most common cause of post-partum haemorrhage?
a. Retained products of conception
b. Uterine atony
c. Perineal tear
d. Placental abruption
b. Uterine atony
Which of the following pathogens is a teratogen in pregnancy?
a. E. Coli
b. Rubella
c. Group B Strep
d. Salmonella
b. Rubella
A 26-year-old man presents with a dental abscess which needs to be surgically
drained under local anaesthetic. What would impact the effectiveness of the local
anaesthetic?
a. Nutritional status of the patient
b. pH elevation in local tissues
c. Injury to local nerves
d. Previous effects of local anaesthetics
e. Extent of inflammation
e. Extent of inflammation
Which of the following is included in the Newborn Screening Test?
a. Congenital Adrenal Hypoplasia
b. Cystic Fibrosis
c. Down Syndrome
d. Cerebral Palsy
e. Coeliac disease
b. Cystic Fibrosis
A 3-year-old presents with recurrent otitis media and only speaks a disjointed word or
two. What is the best test for ruling out sensorineural hearing loss?
a. Audiogram
b. CT
c. Otoscopy
d. Tympanogram
e. Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) Audiometry
a. Audiogram
Some people with a colorectal cancer mutation (APC – Familial Adenomatous
Polyposis) on one allele will develop colorectal cancer, while others will not. How
would you describe this in genetics?
a. Normal variation
b. Autosomal recessive
c. Variable expressivity
d. Incomplete penetrance
d. Incomplete penetrance
How long does passive immunisation conferred from the mother last after birth?
a. 2 weeks
b. 6 weeks
c. 6 months
d. 12 months
e. 18 months
c. 6 months
What vaccination is given to a baby at birth, prior to discharge?
a. DTP
b. MMR
c. Hepatitis B
d. Polio
e. Varicella
c. Hepatitis B
A 16-year-old boy has a one-day history of pain in the right ear. He swims every
morning. The right ear canal is swollen and red. He has pain when the auricle is
pulled, or the tragus is pushed. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
a. Acute otitis media
b. Chronic otitis media
c. External otitis
d. Mastoiditis
c. External otitis
Which of the following is given as a live attenuated vaccine?
a. Polio
b. Influenza
c. Hep A
d. Hep B
e. MMR
e. MMR
What is most true about a conjugated vaccine?
a. The inactivated pathogen is bound to polysaccharide
b. The inactivated pathogen is bound to protein
c. The immune inducing part of the pathogen is bound to polysaccharide
d. The immune inducing part of the pathogen is bound to protein
c. The immune inducing part of the pathogen is bound to polysaccharide
AND ALSO
d. The immune inducing part of the pathogen is bound to protein
Which of the following layers of the adrenal gland does aldosterone come from?
a. Zone glomerulosa
b. Zona Fasciculata
c. Zona reticularis
d. Adrenal Medulla
a. Zone glomerulosa