202 X2 149 Flashcards
____________ uses radiofrequency signals and multiple magnetic fields to produce a high-definition image.
a.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
b.
Computed tomography (CT)
c.
Positron emission tomography (PET)
d.
Fluoroscopy
a.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
“K” is the symbol for:
a. Barium
b. Calcium
c. Potassium
d. Hydrogen
c. Potassium
The procedure that is used to correct a blocked or narrowed blood vessel and restore flow is called:
Angioplasty
Venoplasty
Venogram
Seldinger technique
Angioplasty
Contrast media instilled into the urinary tract for visualization of the bladder, ureters, and kidney is called ________________.
a.
myelography
b.
angiography
c.
cholangiography
d.
retrograde pyelography
d. retrograde pyelography
Normal adult range for sodium is:
102-113 mEq/L
113-124 mEq/L
124-135 mEq/L
136-145 mEq/L
136-145 mEq/L
Cross-matching of blood refers to:
Blood typing
Blood grouping
Blood compatibility
Rh factor determination
Blood compatibility
The _________________ is a basic test used to evaluate the type and percentage of normal components in the blood.
a.
arterial blood gases (ABCs)
b.
metabolic panel
c.
white blood count (WBC)
d.
complete blood count (CBC)
d. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Most image guided procedures are initiated with the Seldinger technique. The first step of the technique is placement of the needle in the vessel. Select the step below that is performed after the needle is placed in the lumen of the vessel.
Catheter is threaded over a guidewire Guidewire is inserted Needle is removed Dilator is inserted
Guidewire is inserted
Two primary tests that are performed on surgical patients to evaluate blood and blood cells are ________________________.
a.
CBC and differential leukocyte count
b.
type and cross-match and type and screen
c.
cardiac enzyme and glucose level studies
d.
urinalysis and electrolyte study
a. CBC and differential leukocyte count
To perform cholangiography, which duct is identified and incised for placement of the catheter?
Wharton’s
Hepatic
Cystic
CBD
Cystic
Because ________ is found in contrast media, the patient must be evaluated for potential hypersensitivity before administration.
a.
latex
b.
radioactive material
c.
penicillin
d.
iodine
d. iodine
_______________ is/are the most basic form of assessment.
a.
CT scan
b.
Vital signs
c.
ECG
d.
Chest radiograph
b. Vital signs
_________________, or decreased serum potassium, can result from persistent and severe vomiting and diarrhea, from extensive tissue trauma, or from shock.
a.
Hypokalemia
b.
Hyponaturemia
c.
Hyperkalemia
d.
Hypocalcemia
a. Hypokalemia
Molecules of inorganic substances that are essential for homeostasis and are capable of splitting to yield a charged particle or substance are called _____________.
Answers: a.
sodium levels
b.
glucose levels
c.
electrolytes
d.
cardiac enzymes
c. electrolytes
Protein or albumin in the urine indicates:
Urinary tract infection
Diabetes
Acute or chronic renal disease
Dehydration
Acute or chronic renal disease
Which of the following diagnostic imaging techniques is used to aid in diagnosing a rotator cuff tear?
MRI
Plain radiographic
Myelography
CT
MRI
Which of the following is the normal value of the BUN for adults?
7-18 mg/dl
18-29 mg/dl
29-40 mg/dl
40-51 mg/dl
7-18 mg/dl
A primary tool for assessing the chambers for air after valve replacement is:
ECG
MUGA scan
TEE
Arterial waveform
MUGA scan
________ is necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses to skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
a.
Potassium
b.
Sodium
c.
Magnesium
d.
Calcium
a. Potassium
The normal adult range of WBC is:
5,000-10,00/mm3
10,000-15,000/mm3
15,000-20,000/mm3
20,000-25,000/mm3
5,000-10,000/mm^3
Acute adverse reactions to iodinated and gadolinium containing contrast media can be either allergic-like or physiologic. Sound clinical judgment should be used to determine when and how aggressively an acute reaction should be treated, however, many mild reactions resolve during a period of observation without treatment. Which statement by the patient would alert you to the possibility that the patient was having a mild reaction to the contrast agent?
“I am having trouble breathing, and my heart is racing!” “I feel dizzy, hot, kind of nauseated, and my nose is stuffy.” “I am having pain and tightness in my chest and shoulders.” “I am itchy all over and there are shooting pains in my IV arm!”
“I feel dizzy, hot, kind of nauseated, and my nose is stuffy.”
Lynne D. is scheduled for surgery. Her hematocrit reading is 40% of whole blood volume. This is:
Within normal range
Below normal range
Above normal range
Inconclusive
Within normal range
What does ALARA stand for:
As Low As Reachable Achievable
As Low As Reasonable Achievable
As Long As Reasonably Attainable
As Long As Reasonably Achieve
As Low As Reasonable Achievable
_____________________ can result from parathyroid disease, vitamin D deficiency, and specific drugs such as corticosteroids and some diuretics.
a.
Hypocalcemia
b.
Hematocrit
c.
Hyponaturemia
d.
Hemoglobin
a. Hypocalcemia
__________________ has/have important functions in the blood-clotting mechanism, including clot retraction and activation of coagulation factor.
Answers: a.
Hemoglobin
b.
White blood cells
c.
Red blood cells
d.
Platelets
d. Platelets
________ studies are used to measure blood flow.
a.
Endoscopy
b.
MRI
c.
Doppler
d.
X-ray
c. Doppler
Electrolytes are vital for _________________ and are responsible for nerve impulses, fluid balance, transport of substances in and out of the cell, and balancing blood pH.
a.
staging
b.
systolic pressure
c.
hemostasis
d.
homeostasis
d. homeostasis
Inorganic substances essential for homeostasis;
Potassium, sodium, and magnesium;
Positively charged are called cations and negatively charged are called anions
Electrolyte
Used to monitor patients who are receiving antiplatelet drugs;
PT and PTT
Coagulation Test
The pH and specific gravity are assessed;
Assesses color, clarity, and odor
Urinalysis
Measures hemoglobin and hematocrit;
Measures the number of each type of leukocyte;
A sample is drawn from the vein and centrifuged
CBC
Produces two- or three-dimensional digital images in cross section;
Any metal in range of the device may be drawn toward the source of emission;
Uses radiofrequency signals and multiple magnetic fields to produce a high-definition image
MRI
_______________ provides detailed information about heart conduction.
a.
Blood pressure
b.
Oximetry
c.
ECG
d.
EEG
c. ECG
After being scheduled in the OR for a routine tonsillectomy, the SFA checking the chart of Kim A. notes that the hemoglobin is 9.0 gm/dl. This reading is:
Within normal range
Below normal range
Above normal range
Inconclusive
Below normal range
Taken when a surgical count cannot be resolved and there is risk of an item left in the patient
Standard X-Ray
A gel coating is used when the probe is applied to skin;
Used in vascular surgery to track the movement of blood when combined with the Doppler;
Uses high-frequency sound waves
Ultrasound
Cholangiography and angiography
Contrast Radiography
Normal adult range for potassium is:
1.5-3.5 mEq/L
3.5-5.5 mEq/L
5.5-7.0 mEq/L
7.0-8.5 mEq/L
3.5-5.5 mEq/L
The normal pulse rate for an adult is ___________________.
a.
75 to 100 beats per minute
b.
40 to 60 beats per minute
c.
80 to 120 beats per minute
d.
60 to 100 beats per minute
d. 60 to 100 beats per minute
The preoperative urinalysis test done on Ms. McSweeney indicates that the specific gravity is 1.050. This indicates that:
It is within normal range
It is below normal range and she is dehydrated
It is above normal range and she is dehydrated
There is sugar present in the urine
It is above normal range and she is dehydrated
A microscopic blood count that estimates the percentages of each type of leukocytes within a sample is called a:
Platelet
Differential
Hematocrit
Hemoglobin
Differential
___________ tests and procedures are those that do not require an incision or the perforation of intact tissues or structures.
a.
Noninvasive
b.
Fluoroscopy
c.
CBC
d.
Invasive
a. Noninvasive
The body requires a core (deep) temperature of approximately 99° F, or __________.
a.
37.2° C
b.
40° C
c.
42° C
d.
38.2° C
a. 37.2° C
The ____________________ produces characteristic patterns indicating normal or abnormal conduction impulses that stimulate heart action.
a.
electrocardiogram (ECG)
b.
ultrasound
c.
Doppler
d.
neuromonitoring
a. electrocardiogram (ECG)
Preoperative laboratory tests for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy patient reveal an elevated amylase level and elevated alkaline phosphatase level. These would alert the SFA to:
Change to an open Hasson technique
Abort the endoscope approach
Have the laparoscopic choledochoscope and baskets available
Order a postoperative ICU bed
Have the laparoscopic choledochoscope and baskets available
Gary Robert is on anticoagulant drugs. Which of the following tests may be done to check the clotting time of his blood?
Serum amylase
Complete blood count
Bleeding time
Prothrombin time
Prothrombin time
A test that includes results of blood glucose, carbon dioxide, creatinine, urea nitrogen, bicarbonate, and several important electrolytes is called a ____________.
a.
coagulation test
b.
metabolic panel
c.
differential leukocyte count
d.
urinalysis
b. metabolic panel
________ is a radiopaque element that is used in the radiographic examination of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
a.
Optiray
b.
Renografin
c.
Barium
d.
Conray
c. Barium
What is the best protection against occupational radiation exposure?
Lead apron
Collimator
Filter
Distance
Lead apron
Normal adult male range for RBC is:
4.2-6.1 mill/µl
2.8-4.2 mill/µl
1.4-2.8 mill/µl
0.4-1.4 mill/µl
4.2-6.1 mill/µl
Cesium-137, iodine-125, and iridium-192 are ________________that are implanted directly into the tumor mass.
a.
contrast mediums
b.
cardiac enzymes
c.
metabolic panels
d.
radioactive seeds
d. radioactive seeds
The normal pH of urine is:
1.2-4.6
4.6-8.0
8.0-11.4
11.4-14.0
4.6-8.0
Normal oral temperature in a person at rest is _________.
a.
47° C
b.
52° C
c.
42° C
d.
37° C
d. 37° C
The ________ measures hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet, and leukocytes.
a.
metabolic panel
b.
imaging study
c.
CBC
d.
ABO
c. CBC
A 75-year-old woman who is in teh ICU after undergoing cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis is hypotensive and tachycardiac. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) is elevated to 18 mm Hg, and cardiac output is 3 L/min. She is in shock best described as which of the following?
Hypovolemic shock
Septic shock
Cardiogenic shock
Neurogenic shock
Cardiogenic shock
The basic metabolic panel includes all of the following EXCEPT __________.
a.
blood glucose
b.
carbon dioxide
c.
oxygen
d.
creatinine
c. oxygen
__________________ is/are the oxygen-carrying protein attached to RBCs.
a.
Hemoglobin
b.
Leukocytes
c.
Platelets
d.
Hematocrit
a. Hemoglobin
The cardiac malformation which most frequently causes infant death is:
Complete transposition of the great vessels
Mitral and aortic stenosis
Pulmonary valvular stenosis
Coarctation of the aorta
Complete transposition of the great vessels
Neuropathologic conditions requiring surgical intervention can be found in any age group. What are the most common problems requiring neurosurgical procedures in infants and children?
a.
Occipital neuroma and trauma
b.
Aneurysms and craniostenosis
c.
Skull fractures and epilepsy
d.
Craniosynostosis and hydrocephalus
d. Craniosynostosis and hydrocephalus
Which statement concerning omphalocele is NOT true?
Defect occurs from sixth to tenth week of fetal life
Sac is composed of transparent avascular membrane
Both skin and muscle of abdominal wall are missing
Defect occurs at the juncture of umbilical cord with the abdomen
Both skin and muscle of abdominal wall are missing
Protrusion of meninges and brain tissue out of cranial cavity is:
Meningocele
Encephalocele
Meningomyelocele
Spina bifida
Encephalocele
Infants and children with severe gastroesophageal (GE) reflux can have life-threatening complications, including obstructive apnea, aspiration pneumonia, esophagitis, and failure to thrive. What is the name of the procedure, performed open or laparoscopically, that is designed to create a competent antireflux barrier?
a.
Pyloromyotomy with pyloroplasty
b.
Nissen fundoplication
c.
Esophagectomy
d.
Sphincterotomy
b. Nissen fundoplication
In a ventriculoureterostomy shunt procedure for hydrocephalus it is necessary to:
Replace the tube as the child grows
Combat sodium depletion
Remove one kidney and insert tube into that ureter
All of the above
All of the above
Indicators of spina bifida occulta include all EXCEPT which of the following?
A deep dimple or sinus at the affected level
An ulceration in the skin at the affected area
A tuft of hair at the affected level
An area lacking pigmentation
An ulceration in the skin at the affected area
An 8-year-old girl with a prominent chest wall deformity that pushes the sternum inward is asymptomatic, and she participates fully in atheletic activities at school. Surgical correction is recommended. What is the most likely cause of the deformity?
Funnel chest (pectus excavatum)
Pectus carinatum (protrusion at the sternum)
Flail chest
Cystic hygroma
Funnel chest (pectus excavatum)
Pediatric surgery is a multidisciplinary field that encompasses many surgical specialties. Most procedures can be classified into one of three groups, including all of the following, EXCEPT __________.
a.
treatment of congenital anomalies
b.
treatment of disease
c.
treatment of PID
d.
trauma surgery
c. treatment of PID
Which of the following groups of congenital anomalies require immediate surgery?
Tetralogy of Fallot, pyloric stenosis, cleft palate
Tracheo-esophageal fistula, omphalocele, imperforate anus
Hypospadias, spina bifida, biliary atresia
Patent ductus arteriosus, epispadias, exstrophy of the bladder
Tracheo-esophageal fistula, omphalocele, imperforate anus
What is the remnant of the diverticulum formed by migration of thyroid tissue?
Cystic Hygroma
Thyroglossal duct cyst
Esophageal Atresia without tracheoesophagel fistula
Pectus Carinatum
Thyroglossal duct cyst
Jaundice appearing during the first 24 hours of life is usually due to:
Biliary atresia
Neonatal sepsis
Hemolytic disease
Congenital infection
Hemolytic disease
This diagnosis describes the protrusion of the viscera through a defect in the abdominal wall to the right of the umbilical cord. It may be idiopathic or one in a combination of other syndromes with associated anomalies. Select the diagnosis.
a.
Omphalocele
b.
Umbilical hernia
c.
Gastroschisis
d.
Congenital talipes equinovarus
c. Gastroschisis
Cleft lip is usually associated with a notch or cleft of the underlying alveolus and a cleft of the palate. Cleft lip repair is most often performed when the infant is about 3 months of age. Cleft lip is described as:
a.
absence of the frenulum with resultant mandibular defect.
b.
a deficiency of tissue (skin, muscle, and mucosa) along one or both sides of the upper lip.
c.
absence of one or both philtral clefts with a notch in the alveolus.
d.
two skin ridges situated near the midline of the central philtrum of the lip.
b. a deficiency of tissue (skin, muscle, and mucosa) along one or both sides of the upper lip.
A cleft palate may include a _____________ roof of the mouth, or it may be ___________ behind the soft palate.
Cracked; Prominent
Broken; Intact
Open; Hidden
None of the above
Open; Hidden
Hydrocephalus is caused by:
Cerebral capillary fragility
Excessive CSF absorption in lateral ventricles
Increasing production or decreased absorption of CSF
Edema of subarachnoid space
Increasing production or decreased absorption of CSF
Which of the following functions is immature at birth?
Cardiac
Renal
Respiratory
Peristalsis
Renal
The pediatric patient is at risk for surgical site infection related to surgical intervention. Select the outcome indicator that would best reflect that the goal of freedom from signs and symptoms of infection was attained.
a.
The patient demonstrates or reports adequate pain control.
b.
The surgical site heals by first intention.
c.
The patient is at or returning to normothermia at the conclusion of the immediate postoperative period.
d.
The patient’s fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances are maintained at or improved from baseline levels.
b. The surgical site heals by first intention.
What is the most common inguinal hernia is children?
Direct
Indirect
Sliding
Petersen
Indirect
The toddler uses symbols and engages in creative play. Toddlers are beginning to develop free will and control over their bodies. Which of the interventions below is age-appropriate for toddlers?
a.
Sing songs from your own childhood that the child may be able to learn.
b.
Make up a story about their personal comfort item as you give it to their parent to keep.
c.
Ask them about their concerns and offer information to decrease their fears.
d.
Give only simple choices and involve them in actions when possible.
d. Give only simple choices and involve them in actions when possible.
Airway and pulmonary management in infants is more challenging than in adults because:
Infants’ pulmonary functional residual capacity means they become hypoxic more quickly if the airway is lost
Very compliant chest wall decreases the work of breathing with airway compromise
The CO2 curve respiratory response rate is increased in infants
Infants are obligate mouth breathers
Infants’ pulmonary functional residual capacity means they become hypoxic more quickly if the airway is lost
The procedure of choice for stenosis of the pyloric sphincter in infants is:
Pyloroplasty
Gastrostomy
Cardiomyotomy
Pyloromyotomy
Pyloromyotomy
