202 final Flashcards by Alaina Devlin

[] refers to the making of soap and involves a [] promoted ester hydrolysis reaction

saponification + base

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TF the long hydrocarbon chain of sodium palmitate (soap molecule) is hydrophilic

true

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

due to the amphipathic structure of soap molecules they form []

micelles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

explain why handwashing is better than hand sanitizer

Handwashing physically removes all microorganisms but hand sanitizer kills only some

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

who established the first vax

Edward jenner

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the mRNA used in the COVID vax encoded for a [] structure specific to the covid virus and contained [] to make the mRNA more stable

glycoprotein spike, pseudouridine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TF Attenuated vaccines tend to require a booster

False, the viral content of the vax yields a stronger immune response, appropriately prepping the body for other like-viruses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

complex v synthetic media

complex has at least one chemically undefined ingredient, synthetic has all known and defined

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why use steam heat to sterilize over dry heat

It is quicker to maintain even high heat than dry

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what setting is used on the autoclave for cleaning empty glass, what about full

gravity for cleaning, a volume specific liquid setting for full

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a streak plate has confluent growth in the first and second sections and the growth in the third is too much to see individual colonies, what went wrong

the student grabbed too much bacteria and streaking crossed over between sections

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what was used before agar to solidify media and provide one reason why agar replaced it

gelatin, but some microbes break it down so it isn;t as universal as agar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

to reach a sterilizing temp of [] the pressure of the autoclave must be []

121 C, 15 psi

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

when making solid media, agar must be added at a final concentration of []

1.5% or 15g/L

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TF when making solid media, the media should be boiled before going into the autoclave

true

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

when sterilizing liquid media, the sterilization time needed depends on the vol of the liquid

true

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

would a media that has the following recipe be synthetic or complex: peptone, sodium chloride

the inclusion of peptone, a chemically undefined ingredient makes it complex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

why are agar plates supposed to be lid side down

condensation will form on the lid, so to prevent interference with the condensation and agar it is kept agar side up

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

growth in the first, individual colonies in the second, no growth in the third

first-second -> not enough culture
second - third -> loop was too hot

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[] growth in a broth culture refers to bacteria growing in clumps that are suspended

flocculent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[] growth in a broth culture refers to bacteria growing in clumps that are settled on the bottom

sedentary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[] growth in a broth culture refers to bacteria growing in clumps that are at the surface of the media

pellicle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[] overgrowth in a broth culture refers to bacteria growing in clumps that are suspended and on the bottom

overgrowth in a turbid culture may build up on the bottom making it appear sedentary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the equation for determining cfu/mL = count x [] x 1/amt plated mL

Dilution Factor, CFU stand for colony forming unit

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

nutrient agar is an example of [] media

all purpose

an MSA plate contains [] to make the plate selective for the growth of gram [] in the [] genus

7.5% NaCl (mannitol salt), positive, staphylococcus

TF if bacteria growing on an MSA plate can ferment mannitol, the bac colony will turn yellow

false, the media turns yellow

if a bac grows on an EMB plate and the colonies are dark purple with a green metallic sheen, what are two things abt the bac

gram - coliform that can ferment sucrose and lactose

what does MacConkey agar include

crystal violet and bile salts

what does the term fastidious mean and provide an ex

means picky and difficult to grown like streptococcus haemophilus

what does alpha, beta, and gamma hemolysis look like

alpha shows a greenish browning of the media, beta is clearing, gamma is no change

what type of vax reqs an adjuvant

recombinant

the external negative charge of gram pos bac is due to [] and [] in gram neg

teichoic acid in its wall, lipopolysaccharide membrane

what happens if an acid stain dries

stain will crack allowing bright light streaks into field of view making it hard to see

ideally a microscope should be [] meaning the image remains in focus

par focal

typical magnification of ocular lense

10x

two ways to enhance resolution based on equation R = (0.61wavelength)/ Numerical Aperture

decrease wavelength or increase numerical aperture

TF in dark field microscopy, only refracted light is collective by the objective lens

true

fluorescent microscopes rely on the presence of a [] which reflect the excitation wavelength onto your sample and then collects/ accepts the emission wavelength

dichroic mirror

in [] microscopy, a 3D image can be generated from a z series

confocal

what is an important req for your sample when using transmission e- microscopy

very thin (20-100 nm)

what are 2 common diluents used in Tris solns

broth, di water, PBS

basic objective lens power in avg compound mics

TF total magnification of a sample is determined by adding the powers of the objective and ocular lenses

false, multiplying

[] refers to the light gathering abilities of the objective lens and is represented by the equation []

numerical aperture, nsintheta

TF bac must be stained in dark field microscopy

false

explain role of opaque light stop in dark field

it blocks the light source so light hits at an angle allowing only refracted light to be taken up

immunofluorescent microscopes require a mercury vapor arc lamp, which provide a very strong light source

true

which microscopes generate 3D images of cells

confocal - light, scanning - e-

TF x-ray diffraction/elemental analysis is possible with transmission e- microscopy

false,

a [] stain will be attracted to the neg charge of gram pos bac,

basic

two reasons why acidic/negative stains determine shape better

easier to see light bac on a dark background + no heat fixation so the chances of bac shriveling decrease

TF gram's iodine only associated/complexes with the primary stain within Gram pos

false

what is specifically used as the decolorized in gram staining and why

95% ethanol, it dehydrates the peptidoglycan locking in purple dye

what is the decolorized in endospore staining and why

water bc the primary stain is weak

bac in the [] genus are considered acid-fast because they have a unique cell wall/envelope structure that contains phenolic glycolipids and []

mycobacterium, mycolic acid

[] is the primary stain in the acid-fast staining procedure and it is unique bc it contains [] to help it penetrate the hydrophobic nature of their cell wall due to the presence of []

carbolfuscion, 5% phenol, mycomembrane

TF the kinyoun method of the acid-fast stain uses heat to drive the primary stain into the cell wall, while the Ziehl-Neelsen method relies on the use of a wetting agent within the primary stain

false, switch

explain 2 tricks used to drive the primary stain into the endospore structure during the endospore staining procedure

a paper towel to keep stain wet, steam heat

TF during endospore staining is it likely that a primary stain will be driven into the core of the endospore

false, driven into membrane

how does formazan aid a motility test

when the microbe of interest metabolizes TTC, we can see red to help visualize the motility

explain how CO2 is detected in phenol red broth tubes

a durham tube is added upside down and the air is shaken out so it full of broth, that way wet it is inoculated and incubated we can trap any CO2 formed

TF TSI agar slants turn completely yellow meaning the bac uses all three sugars present within the agar slat

false, while it could indicate the bac uses all three or only 2/3 but glucose is definitely being used

the oxygen rich area at the top of thioglycolate broth will be [] due to the inclusion of a []

pink, redox indicator

if using a Sim media for indole, you can determine [] and the possession of [] enzyme

motility, thiosulfate reductase

TF the citrate test is looking to see if the bac possess a specific enzyme that hydrolyzes citrates into smaller, more useable fragments

false,

[] broth has [] to break down oxygen into water, but it also contains a small amount of [] to limit the diffusion of oxygen within the broth

thioglycolate, sodium thioglycolate, agar

motility agar concentration

0.8%

surprise red coloration could be from

a contaminent in the media

TF if a phenol red broth test is red after incubation with no bubble, is can be concluded the bac is unable to do any form of fermentation

false, not any form

explain why a black precipitate forms in a TSI slant

thiosulfate reductase reduces thiosulfate sulfur to hydrogen sulfide which reacts with ferrous ammonium forming a black precipitate

alternative name for TSI

Kligler

why are there 2 buffers that resist alkalization in the urease test media

we just want the rapid urease producers, the ammonium overwhelms the buffers bc the urease media is not stable

TF a positive urease test will have the pH indicator, phenol red, turning pink

true

TF DNase is an exoenzyme

true

kovacs reagent will react with [] to produce a red color and signify the presence of the enzyme []

indole, tryptophanase

[] reagents A and B which are more specifically [] and [], are added to the portion of inoculated MRVP broth to determine the results of []

Barritt's, alpha napthal, potassium hydroxide, Voges Proskauer

TF Simmons citrate agar is an ex of a complex media

false, its one of the few synthetic media

after incubation, a pos Simmons slant will turn [] and indicate that the bac possesses [] enz

blue, citrate permease

two special considerations concerning the catalase test that were not necessary for any of the previous biochemical tests

active, fresh, exponentially growing culture, and how they respire, or use a sterilized toothpick instead of a loop

in the [] test, if tetra-methyl-p-phenylenediamine donates e-s to [] within the ETC, it will turn []

oxidase, cytochrome c, purple

TF a bac that appears as a dark purple colony with a green sheen on an embedded plate can ferment sucrose

true

why will only Staph bac grow on MSA plates

its salt content is selective to grow gram pos organisms

explain how API tests his a 7 digit code

After totaling the positive of each cupule, which are in groups of three, the positives correlate to the value given to each cupule with 1,2 or 4. The 20 tests + 1 oxidase test are split into seven sections so each section has a totaled value creating a unique 7 digit code

antiseptics

any agent for living tissue

disinfectant microbicidal

killin microorganism

disinfectant microbiostatic

inhibits further replication (growth)

how do we, microbiologists, characterize disinfectants

selective toxicity and effectiveness

what is the gold standard for effectiveness

phenol coefficient

[] test uses [] specific media to determine the phenol coefficient

Kirby Bauer test, Mueller Hinton

why are large plates used in Kirby Bauer tests

to eliminate plating errors by plating them all on one

what are the two big groups most antibiotics are derived from

bacillus and streptomyces

what are the differences between narrow and broad spectrum antibiotics

narrow = gram selectivity, broad = boaf

[] are groups of compounds originally produced by [] to kill/inhibt [] of other microbes

antibiotics, metabolic processes of microorganisms, multiplication