2019.Iss3.Dzes of Donkeys & mules Flashcards
Gastrointestinal disorders of donkey and mules
Why is diarrhea rarely seen in donkeys?
b/c of the enhanced water absorption capacity of the large colon
Gastrointestinal disorders of donkey and mules
When dosing sedatives in mules, what is typically required?
1/3 - 1/2 extra dose of sedatives compared to a similarly sized pony or horse
Gastrointestinal disorders of donkey and mules
Donkeys jugular vein in the midneck region can be covered by what muscle?
strong cutaneous coli muscle
**used to support their large head
Gastrointestinal disorders of donkey and mules
The stomach of a 180 kg donkey can accomodate how much fluid?
3 liters of fluid
Gastrointestinal disorders of donkey and mules
When performing an epidural in a donkey, what is different in comparison to horses?
-best performed in 2nd coccygeal vertebrae @ 30 degree angle to the horizonal, 1 space further back and at a shallower angle than in the horse bc of lack of muscular
Gastrointestinal disorders of donkey and mules
Adult donkeys do not share a level of immunity as horses & ponies, to this parasite. Foals & heavily infested adult donkeys are at risk of ileal impaction & intestinal rupture in extreme cases.
Parascaris equorum
Gastrointestinal disorders of donkey and mules
How should NSAID dosing be changed in dehydrated donkeys?
Do half a dose to reduce risk of renal toxicity
Respiratory Disorders of the Donkey
What is the difference in BAL & TTW samples between horses and donkeys?
BAL samples in healthy donkeys have higher macros and TTW samples show higher neutrophil & eosinophil counts
Respiratory Disorders of the Donkey
What is the most common cause of sinusitis in older donkeys?
secondary to poorly managed dental disease
**predisposing to weight loss & hyperlipidemia
Respiratory Disorders of the Donkey
Besides strep equi, whaat is another organism that can cause empyema & chondroids in donkeys?
Strep equi ssp zooepidemicus
**suspect secondary to immunosuppression
Respiratory Disorders of the Donkey
C/s of chronic cough, inspiratory & expiratory dyspnea, excessive tracheal noise & even vibrations on auscultation, should include what differential in donkeys?
tracheal collapse
Respiratory Disorders of the Donkey
How can lungworm infestation be diagnosed in donkeys?
Baermann technique on fecal examinaiton
Respiratory Disorders of the Donkey
What is the recommended treatment of donkeys with lungfworm?
ivermectin (200 microg/kg) orally
Respiratory Disorders of the Donkey
The presence of which parasites, is associated with coughing in young animals, as larvae pass via the lungs to the pharynx and then swallowed.
ascarids or roundworms (Parascaris equorum)
**donkeys harbor significant ascarid burdens)
Respiratory Disorders of the Donkey
Donkeys infected with what virus, show similar C/S: pyrexia, coughing, and nasal d/c but ar eat higher risk of secondary bronchopneumonia?
Equine influenza virus
Respiratory Disorders of the Donkey
in comparison to horses, how susceptible are donkeys & mules to glanders (Burkholderia mallei)?
donkeys- most susceptible
mules- less susceptible
Respiratory Disorders of the Donkey
What are C/S of glanders disease seen in donkeys?
nasal & pulmonary forms:
fever, ulcerating nodules in the nasal passages, dec appetite & wt loss, depression, coughing & progressive dyspnea
Donkey Nutrition & Malnutrition
What is the daily maintenance requirement for donkeys in dry matter?
1.3-1.8% bodyweight
Donkey Nutrition & Malnutrition
Do donkeys maintain a normal appetite when dehydrated?
Yes, typically leading to a late diagnosis of dehydration & concurrent issues, such as colic
Donkey Nutrition & Malnutrition
Why should a low protein diet by administered in liver disease?
decreases intestinal ammonia production
Donkey Nutrition & Malnutrition
What diet should be avoided in kidney disease?
diets high in calcium and protein
Ideal: (low Ca and protein <8%)
**avoid alfalfa & clover hay
Clinical Pharmacology in Donkeys & Mules
What is the difference in NSAIDs in horses vs Donkeys?
NSAIDs are metabolized faster in donkeys
**dosing increased or dosing intervals reduced
Clinical Pharmacology in Donkeys & Mules
What is the difference in alpha 2doses between donkeys/mules/horses?
dose of alpha2 agonists should be increased by 50% above the equine dose n mules, mini donkeys and feral or excited animals
Clinical Pharmacology in Donkeys & Mules
What is the difference in Guaifenisen dosing between donkeys/mules/horses?
has a longer half-life in donkeys compared to horses
**recovery time could be prolonged in some donkeys
Clinical Pharmacology in Donkeys & Mules
What is the difference in Ketamine doses between donkeys/mules/horses?
Donkeys:
shorter half-life
faster clearance
Clinical Pharmacology in Donkeys & Mules
What is the recommended treatment for Babesia cabali, piroplasmosis & Theileria equi?
Imidocarb diproprionate
Clinical Pharmacology in Donkeys & Mules
To prevent toxicity with imidocarb diproprionate toxicity, wheat is recommended to premed with?
**toxicity: acetylcholinsterase inhibition
*recommended premed with anticholineragic drugs such as glycopyrrolate or N-butylscopolammonium bromide 5 to 10 minutes prior to admin
Clinical Pharmacology in Donkeys & Mules
What is the treatment of choice for lungworms in donkeys?
moxidectin
Clinical Pharmacology in Donkeys & Mules
How are psoroptic and chorioptic mange in donkeys treated?
topical solutions: pyrethroids, sulfur Or
oral macrocyclic lactones: ivermectin, moxidectin or eprinomectin
Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule
What are the major skin diseases of tonkeys?
- pruritus
- nodular skin disease
- alopecia
- moist/exudative dermatoses
- dry dermatosis (flaking & scaling)
- pigmentary changes
Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule
What skin disorder is seen in a transient venereal infection, that can affect the penis of the stallion, perineal skin & vulva of the jenny (vesicles, secondary infection)?
Equine herpesvirus 3-infection
Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule
What are the common bacterial skin diseases of donkeys?
- Dermatophilosis
- Staphylococcal infections, streptococcal furunculosis & folliculitis
- fusobacterial dermatitis and coronitis (fusobacterium necrophorum)
Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule
a painful skin lesions typically involves which bacteria?
staphylococci
*(moderately painful– streptococci
Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule
What kind of lesions do dermatophilosis leave?
focal lesions, with loose scab
**leaves red base after removal
**lesion is more irritating than painful
Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule
What kind of skin disease does this donkey likely have?
Dermatophilosis (rain scald)
– dorsal location of the infection, pattern of rain run-off
-donkey is in poor body condition
Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule
What is the cause of ringworm in equids?
dermatophyte infestation– Trichophyton spp & microsporum spp
Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule
What is the recommended treatment for rain scald?
-topical antifungal washes: enilconazole or natamycin
**improve nutrition/immunocompromise
Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule
what is the main presenting sign of rabies in donkeys?
pruritis & self trauma either on perineal or distal limb locations
**usually bite/lick/rub at site of inoculation
Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule
In donkeys what is a presenting clinical sign of PA toxicity, that isn’t a primary presentation in horses?
photosensitization– sometimes the first time of PA toxicity
**not always confined to the white-skinned areas
Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule
In comparison to horses, what kind of sarcoid do donkeys develop?
-severe & fibrobalstic lesions
**occult & currocse is less common
Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule
Where do donkeys commonly develop sarcoids (especially the fibroblastic sarcoids)?
-face (esp around mouth & eyes)
-groin
-sheath regions
Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule
What is the most common skin tumor of donkeys?
sarcoids
Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule
Do donkeys get cushings disease/equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction?
yes
– sim c/s of unexplained long summer coat in donkeys >15 years old
Hoof disorders and farriery in the donkey
Whta are normal insulin/acth levels in donkeys?
Metabolic and endocrine disorders in donkeys
what is the most common metabolic disorder in donkeys?
hyperlipemia
Metabolic and endocrine disorders in donkeys
What is leptin?
the hormone for satiety and energy expenditure
**endocrine and metabolic functions
Metabolic and endocrine disorders in donkeys
What is the function of leptin?
-decreases insulin secretion
-reduces hepatic glucose production
-increases hepatic insulin extraction
-promotes insulin sensitivity
Metabolic and endocrine disorders in donkeys
describe the dynamic testing for donkeys with metabolic syndrome
Metabolic and endocrine disorders in donkeys
Using the TRH stimulation test, when is a donkey considered PPID positive?
ACTH concen higher than 110 pg/mL 10 minutes after injecting 1 mg TRH of TRH IV
Metabolic and endocrine disorders in donkeys
What is the recommended dose of pergolide for donkeys with PPID?
0.25-0.5 mg/250 kg (.001-.002)
