2016 MSA Flashcards
List 4 risk factors for candidosis
Immunocompromised
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Advanced HIV infection
Diabetes mellitus
Name the organism and virulence factor that causes candidosis
C. albicans
Hydrolytic enzymes eg phospholipase causes host cell penetration
How does a biofilm form?
Adhesion
Colonisation
Accumulation
Formation of a complex community
Dispersal
How would you test for C. albicans and suggest a lab identification method
Oral swab from localised area
16S rRNA gene sequencing
Give an example of an azole antifungal and describe its mechanism of action
Fluconazole
Inhibits synthesis of ergosterol, a component of the fungal cell membrane
Give an example of a polyene antifungal and describe its mechanism of action
Nystatin
Binds to ergosterol, increasing membrane permeability and eventually leading to cell death
Give 3 study designs other than RCT
Cohort study
Cross sectional study
Case control study
Describe a cohort study
Follows a group of individuals over time to identify those that develop a certain disease to investigate incidence and risk factors
Describe a cross sectional study
Observation of defined population at a certain time to investigate prevalence and risk factors of a disease
Describe a case control study
Study of people with a disease and a suitable control group of people without the disease
Looks back in time at exposure to particular risk factors in both groups
What is the preferred method of correcting an amalgam overhang?
Remove the entire restoration and replace it with a new one
Give 5 functions of a provisional crown
To maintain aesthetics
To maintain occlusal relationship
To maintain masticatory function of tooth
To test run fit of definitive crown
Prevent sensitivity due to exposed dentine
Name 3 types of prefabricated crowns
Stainless steel
Polycarbonate
Clear plastic
List 2 disadvantages of a prefabricated crown
Large bank of crowns needed
Unlikely to fit cervically, interproximally or occlusally
List 2 treatment steps of an ED fracture in an 8 year old boy
Either bond fragment to tooth or place composite bandage
Take 2 periapical radiographs to rule out root fracture or luxation
List 4 radiographic signs of a non-vital tooth
Loss of PDL space
Loss of lamina dura
Root resorption
Periapical radiolucency
List 4 things from a trauma stamp
Any 4 from:
- TTP
- Percussion note
- ECl
- EPT
- Colour
- Mobility
- Radiograph
- Sinus
Explain the pattern of distribution of nursing caries
Lower incisors protected from decay by tongue
Maxillary incisors are the first to experience cariogenic challenge and suffer the most due to their early eruption
If the habit continues, the other teeth will be affected in sequence with their eruption order
Give 4 reasons for nursing caries
Poor OH
Inappropriate use of bottle feeding
Prolonged breastfeeding
Child swirls liquid around mouth instead of swallowing
What flouride regime would you use for a 2 year old with high caries risk in a dental setting
Sodium fluoride varnish 22,600ppm twice yearly
Recommend using a smear of 1,000-1,500ppm fluoride tooth paste
What 4 things for tooth brushing would you advise for a 2 year old with high caries risk?
Parental supervision when brushing
Spit, don’ rinse
Brush last thing at night and one other time during the day
Use 1,000-1,500ppm fluoride toothpaste
Name 3 types of dementia
Alzheimer’s
Vascular
Dementia with Lewy bodies
List 4 signs of late stage dementia
Inability to recognise familiarly people, objects and surroundings
Incontinence
Gradual loss of speech
Difficulty eating and swallowing
Name 2 cognitive tests for dementia?
Mini-mental state examination
Blessed dementia scale
List 3 ways a dental practice can be made dementia friendly
Reception desk visible from entrance
Signage at eye level with simple, clear text and colour
Colour and tone of walls distinctive from flooring
What is meant by a dentally fit patient?
Good oral hygiene with no active caries or dental infection
What is an MDT?
Multidisciplinary team
Group of medical professionals that share their expertise to provide the best holistic care for a patient
List 4 members who could be in an MDT?
Dentist
Oncologist
Surgeon
Pathologist
Name 3 complications of radiotherapy to the head and neck
Trismus
Increased risk of ORN
Oral mucositis
List 4 modifiable factors for the aetiology of head and neck cancer
Smoking
Alcohol consumption
Sun exposure
Malnutrition
List 4 signs of a digit sucking habit
Proclined upper incisors
Retroclined lower incisors
Anterior open bite
Unilateral posterior crossbite
How does a digit sucking habit affect the posterior dentition?
Lower position of tongue causes musculature to move the teeth palatally narrowing the upper arch
The mandible must deviate upon closing to achieve ICP causing a unilateral posterior crossbite
Define a local malocclusion
A local problem or abnormality affecting 1, 2 or several teeth in either arch that produces a malocclusion
Name 4 conditions of tooth number which can result in malocclusion
Supernumeraries
Hypodontia
Retained primary teeth
Early loss of primary teeth
List 4 supernumerary teeth
Conical
Tubercular
Supplemental
Odontome
What is meant by SIMD?
Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation
Ranks data zones based on levels of deprivation using factors such as education, housing, employment, income and crime
What are 2 roles of epidemiology?
To assess people’s risk of disease
To study the causes and determinants of disease
Define incidence
The amount of new cases of a disease in the population in a specific time period
Define prevalence
Proportion of the population affected by a disease at a single point in time
Name the constituents of stainless steel and their proportions
Iron - 72%
Chromium - 18%
Nickel - 8%
Titanium - 1.7%
Carbon - 0.3%
What is work hardening?
Work done to a metal at low temperature such ad bending, rolling or swaging
Causes dislocations at grain boundaries making a harder, stronger material
What is meant by springiness?
The ability of a material to undergo large deflections without permanent deformation
Give 2 disadvantages of self-cure PMMA
Poor mechanical properties
Allergy to residual monomer
Name 4 factors which can result in tooth mobility?
Occlusal trauma
Attachment loss
Root resorption
Periodontal inflammation
Name 2 circumstances of tooth mobility that you would intervene
If mobility is symptomatic
If mobility is progressively increasing
Would you expect tooth mobility to increase or decrease in a patient with moderate/advanced periodontal disease, following HPT. Explain why?
Decrease
Removal of bacteria causing attachment loss will promote attachment of long junctional epithelium to the root, increasing stability of the tooth
A patient has mobile lower incisors and refuses XLA. What would you advise him and what are the disadvantages of this?
Splinting
Can create difficulties in oral hygiene
A patient has an unstable INR. How would the GP assess this?
FBC to assess patients blood clotting factors
Adjustment in dosage or type of anticoagulant medication
What is the mechanism of apixaban?
Factor Xa inhibitor
How is facial palsy caused?
LA injected in to the parotid gland which is enclosed by the parotid capsule
Causes anaesthesia of the facial nerve and paralysis of the facial muscles innervated by it
Give 3 differences between stroke and a facial palsy
Stroke only affects lower facial muscles, not upper
LA causes palsy of the same side
Stroke causes palsy of the opposite side
Name 4 ways you could initially manage a facial palsy
Reassure the patient
Inform patient sensation will return in a few hours
Keep eye patch over eye to prevent drying out as patient does not have blink reflex
Assess whether it is a facial palsy or a stroke
How would you determine if an impression is usable?
Accuracy of capturing tooth position
Fine detail reproduction
Material uniformity
List 4 potential faults of an inlay impression?
Distortion or tears
Air bubbles or voids
Poor detail reproduction
Insufficient thickness
How would you decontaminate an impression?
Place in perform solution for 10 minutes
Rinse before and after placing in perform
Wrap in damp gauze and place in a sealable, labelled bag
