Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

UWorld > 2015.04.02 > Flashcards

2015.04.02 Flashcards

1
Q

Treatment of H. pylori peptic ulcers

A

2 antibiotics (metronidazole, tetracyclin, amoxicillin, or clarithromycin)

AND

Adjunctive agent (Proton pump inhibitor and/or bismuth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ranitidine

A

H2 blocker used for treating peptic ulcer disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sucralfate

A

Binds to base of mucosal ulcers, protecting against gastic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Misoprostol

A

Prostaglandin E1 analog used to prevent NSAID-induced ulcer disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Most common metastatic tumors to the brain

A

lung cancer

renal cancer

melanoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Clinical features of Melanoma

A

Asymmetry

Border irregularities

Color variegation

Diameter >6mm

Evolving: lesion changing in size, shape, color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Melanoma origin

A

Malignancy of melanocytes (neural crest origin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Endoderm derivatives

A

structures from inner lining of primitive gut tube; thyroid follicular cells, epithelial surfaces of trachea, bronchi, lungs; liver and biliary tree; pancreas; GI and bladder epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mesoderm derivatives

A

Dermis; bones, muscles, blood vessels, and visceral tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neuroectoderm derivatives

A

CNS, preganglionic autonomic neurons, retina, posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Surface ectoderm

A

Epidermis and its appendages, mammary glands (modified sweat glands), lens of the eye, and adenhypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chromosome 3p VHL gene

A

Sporadic and hereditary (associated with Von Hippel-Lindau disease) renal cell carcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Von Hippel-Lindau disease

A

Autosomal dominant Cerebellar hemangioblastomas, clear cell carcinomas and pheochromocytomas

Renal cell carcinoma develops in 40% of these patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

RB anti-oncogene on Chromosome 13

A

Retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

NF-1 on chromosome 17

A

Neurofibromatosis type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

WT-1 anti-oncogene on chromosome 11

A

Wilms tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Flow of CSF

A

Lateral ventricles

Interventricular foramen of Monro

3rd Ventricle

Cerebral aqueduct

4th Ventricle

Foramina of Luschka and Magendie

Subarachnoid space

Absorbed by arachnoid granulations

Enters venous sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Symmetrical enlargement of ventriculi

A

Communicating hydrocephalus - secondary to dysfunction or obliteration of subarachnoid villi

Usually sequelae of meningeal infection or subarachnoid/intraventricular hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Graft versus host disease

A

T-lymphocytes of donor tissue are sensitized against MHC antigens of recipient.

Skin, liver, and intestine commonly involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Acute/Chronic Graft Rejection

A

Host T-cells have been sensitized against graft MHC antigens.

Acute rejection manifests as vasculitis of graft vessels.

Chronic rejection leads to fibrosis of graft stroma and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Circulating antibodies against ACh receptors of the NMJ.

Autoantibody binding causes complement-mediated destruction of these receptors, producing weakness that most affects extraocular muscles.

Associated with thymoma/thymic hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

CD8+ lymphocyte mediated nerve fiber demyelination.

Segmental demyelination with ascending muscle weakness.

Often associated with preceding Campylobacter infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Polymyositis

A

CD8+ lymphocyte mediated skeletal muscle damage.

Presents with symmetric proximal muscle weakness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Psammoma bodies

A

round, eosinophilic, laminar structures composed of core of dense calcification with surrounding collagen-fiber bundles.

Among CNS tumors, they indicate meningioma.

Seen also in Papillary thyroid carcinoma and serous papillary ovarian adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Oligodendroglioma
"fried egg" appearance (nuclei with finely granular chromatin surrounded by clear cytoplasm)
26
Glioblastoma multiform
most common primary, malignant brain tumor in adults. "palisading" pattern of tumor cells
27
Auditory Canal sensation
Posterior external auditory canal - Vagus nerve (small auricular branch) Rest of the canal - CN V3
28
Vasovagal Syncopal episode
Stimulation of vagus nerve, leading to a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate
29
Chorda tympani nerve
Branch of facial nerve. Middle ear innervation Anterior 2/3 of tongue - afferent taste fibers Efferent parasympathetic preganglionic fibers to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.
30
Prepatellar Bursitis
"housemaid's knee"; repeated and prolonged kneeling
31
Arginase
Enzyme of urea cycle that produces urea and ornithine from arginine
32
Acyclovir Valacyclovir Famciclovir
Nucleoside analog Antiviral drugs for Herpes Simplex Infection. Are phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase and can be incorporated into viral DNA chain by viral DNA polymerase, terminating DNA synthesis
33
Pressure changes by AV shunts
Increase preload by increasing the rate and volume of blood flow back to the heart (arterial blood directly enter venous, bypassing arterioles) Decrease afterload by routing blood directly from arterial system to venous system (decreased total peripheral resistance)
34
Pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaques
Locally adherent platelets, endothelial cells, and macrophages release platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) which promotes migration of SMCs from the media into the intima and their subsequent proliferation
35
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Autosomal dominant mutations of LDL receptor gene. Less removal of cholesterol-containing IDL and LDL leads to accelerated atherosclerosis and early-onset CAD. Liver is primary site of cholesterol catabolism and excretion
36
Systemic mastocytosis
Proliferation of mast cells and increased histamine secretion. Histamine increases production of gastric acid by parietal cells.
37
Methacholine
Muscarinic cholinergic agonist that induces bronchial smooth muscle contraction and increased bronchial mucous production
38
Pericardial tamponade triad
muffled heart sounds, elevated jugular venous pressure, profound hypotension 3-7 days after total ischemia (coagulative necrosis, neutrophil, lysis of CT)
39
Glomerulonephritis vs. Acute rheumatic fever
Glomerulonephritis - prior strep pharyngeal or skin infection ARF - prior strep pharyngitis
40
Evidence of streptococcal infection
Anti-streptolysin Anti-DNaseB Anti-Hyaluronidase
41
Streptococcus Pyogenes
Catalase- B-hemolytic Gram+ cocci in chains Bacitracin sensitive Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR) +
42
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Catalase- a-hemolytic Gram+ cocci Optochin-sensitive Bile-soluble
43
Pelvic surgeries
Ureters just posterior to the uterine arteries accidentally ligated and can cause hydronephrosis
44
Speed of hemoglobin movement during gel electrophoresis
HbA \> HbS \>HbC
45
Hemoglobin C mutation
missense mutation: lysine replaces glutamate in beta globin
46
Hemoglobin S mutation
missense mutation: valine replaces glutamate
47
Ecthyma gangrenosum
Cutaneous necrotic disease associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia and septicemia
48
Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors
Exotoxin A (protein synthesis inhibition) Elastase (degrades elastin) Phospholipase C (degrades cellular membranes) Pyocyanin (generates ROS)
49
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Essential thrombocytosis Polycythemia vera Primary myelofibrosis
50
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Philadelphia chromosome t(9:22) BCR-ABL fusion protein
51
JAK2 mutation
Essential throbocytosis Polycythemia vera Primary myelofibrosis
52
Ruxolitinib
JAK2 inhibitor
53
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
predominantly affects children
54
Acute promyelocytic leukemia
translocation t(15;17) leads to formation of fusion gene between PML and RARa which blocks differentiation of myeloid precursors
55
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Lymphocytosis with "smudge cells" Increased BCL-2 expression
56
Burkitt lymphoma
t(8;14) and involves c-myc oncogene Associated with EBV "starry sky"
57
Vomiting vs. Diarrhea
Vomitting - Leads to metabolic alkalosis due to net loss of acidic gastric secretions Diarrhea - Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis due to loss of bicarbonate
58
NItrates
decrease cardiac preload, cardiac work and myocardial oxygen demand by causing venodilation treatment of angina pectoris
59
Subungal splinter hemorrages
Splinter/flame shaped hemorrhage streaks in nail bed appear as the consequence of microemboli Infectious endocarditis (may be progressing to subacute bacterial endocarditis) is the usual cause - detect new-onset regurgitant murmur
60
Janeway lesions
small, macular, erythematous or hemorrhagic, nontender lesions on the palms or soles; also sign of microembolism
61
Direct arteriolar vasodilators (hydralazine and minoxidil)
Cause significant vasodilation and low pressure which stimulate baroreceptor to activate sympathetic system - leads to increased hr, contractility and renin activity. Usually given with sympatholytics and diuretics to counteract reflex effects.
62
Buspirone
Selective agonist of 5HT1A receptor for treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Clinical response is delayed for up to 2 weeks.
63
Nicotinic cholinergic receptor
sodium and calcium influx potassium outflux Due to ligand binding - ACh
64
Lipooligosaccharide (LOS)
Present on N. meningitidis; analogous to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of enteric gram- rods
65
Mycobacterial resistance to isoniazid
Mycobacterial catalase-peroxidase required for activation of isoniazid (inhibits mycobacterial mycolic acid synthesis)
66
Mycobacterial resistance to streptomycin
Mutations of genes that encode ribosomal proteins are responsible for aminoglycoside resistance (Streptomycin binds bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit)
67
Mycobacterial resistance to ethambutol
Increased activity of enzymes involved in cell wall polysaccharide synthesis
68
Fluoroquinolone Resistance
Due to structural alteration of enzymes involved in DNA winding-unwinding. Fluroquinolones work by inhibiting the bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II)
69
Rifampin Resistance
Due to structural alteration of enzymes involved in RNA synthesis (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase) Rifampin inhibits bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
70
Treatment of open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (decrease HCO3 and aqueous humor formation)
71
Acetazolamide
Diuretic; Inhibits carbonic anhydrase which effectively block HCO3 reabsorption in the proximal tubules - resulting in HCO3 and water excretion
72
Small Cell Carcinomas
evidence of neuroendocrine differentiation - neuron-specific endolase, chromogranin, synaptophysin, neurofilaments, neurosecretory granules
73
Vimentin
intermediate filament within cells of mesenchymal origin; used for diagnosing sarcomas
74
Diastolic Heart failure
usually due to impaired myocardial relaxation or increased intrinsic ventricular wall stiffness (decreased compliance) Need increased LVEDP to maintain normal LVEDV and SV
75
Systolic Heart Failure
due to decrease in ventricular contractile performance (decreased ejection fraction) Requires increase in both LVEDP and LVEDV to improve SV
76
gag gene
HIV structural gene that codes for nucleocapsid proteins p24 and p7
77
env gene
HIV structural gene that codes for envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41
78
pol gene
HIV structural gene that encodes for important enzymes
79
tat and rev
HIV regulatory genes required for viral replication
80
Cord Factor
Growth of thick, ropelike cords of mycobacterial organisms in a twisted, "serpentine" pattern Mycoside - two mycolic acids bound to disaccharide trehalose Correlates with virulence - inactivate neutrophils, damage mitochondria, release of TNF
81
Polyene antifungals (Amphotericin B and nystatin)
bind ergosterol in fungal cell membrane, creating pores and causing cell lysis
82
Triazoles (Ketoconazole, Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole)
Inhibit ergosterol synthesis
83
Echinocandins (Caspofungin and Micafungin)
Inhibit glucan synthesis (component of fungal cell wall)
84
Pyrimidines (Flucytosine)
Converted to 5-fluorouracil within the fungal wall and interferes with fungal RNA and protein synthesis

UWorld (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions