2014 Exam Flashcards
Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of chordates?
a. Pharyngeal slits (at some stage of development)
b. The nerve cord
c. The ventral notochord
d. The bilaterally symmetrical body plan
e. The triploblastic body plan
a. Pharyngeal slits (at some stage of development)
Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of proteins in cell membranes? a. Enzymes b. Prevent movement of water c. Receptors d. Structural components e. Transporters
b. Prevent movement of water
Which is the BEST option to complete the following sentence?
“The movement of a number of molecules across the apical surface of the
epithelial cell by secondary transporters is coupled to the ________ gradient that
is maintained by the ________ on the basolateral surface of the epithelial cell.”
a. Na+ Na+ /K+ pump
b. Na+ Na+ channel
c. K+ K+ carrier
d. K+ K+ channel
e. Ca+2 Na+ /K+ pump
a. Na+ Na+ /K+ pump
A membrane permeable to water separates a chamber into two compartments: A
and B. Compartment A contains a 10 mM solution of non-permeating solute,
whereas compartment B contains a 40 mM solution of non-permeating solute.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Water will move from side B to A
b. Water will move from side A to B
c. Osmotic pressure will build up in B
d. Solute will not move
e. Both water and solute will move from
side B to A
e. Both water and solute will move from
side B to A
Which of the following BEST represents positive feedback control?
a. Acclimation to low temperature
b. Body temperature regulation
c. Ovulation
d. Salivation in response to the smell of food
e. The regulation of blood calcium concentration
c. Ovulation
Which of the following options BEST describes the role of the endocrine
system?
a. Allows movement
b. Allows visual, auditory and chemical stimuli to be detected
c. Carries out digestion of food
d. Defends against invasion by foreign bodies
e. Integration and coordination of the body
e. Integration and coordination of the body
Which is the BEST option to complete the following sentence?
“Organ systems that allow the exchange of material between the external and
internal environments are characterised by the presence of __________ and are
lined with __________ .”
a. a lumen secretory cells
b. a lumen epithelium
c. blood vessels epithelium
d. blood vessels secretory cells
e. ducts smooth muscle
b. a lumen epithelium
We currently recognise thirteen finch species (of three genera) on the
Galápagos Islands, which probably descended from a single founding species.
The development of species differences in beak morphology and feeding habits
in the Galápagos finches is a classic example of _________ .
a. Adaptive radiation
b. Artificial selection
c. Convergent evolution
d. Exploitative competition
e. Intelligent design
a. Adaptive radiation
. Select the combination that BEST matches the term with its correct definition.
Process / Definition
a. Allopatric speciation / Geographical separation of populations contributes to their
divergence.
b. Allopatric speciation / Mechanical differences prevent mating
c. Allopatric speciation / No fertile offspring are produced
d. Sympatric speciation / Two populations become isolated due to spatial separation
e. Sympatric speciation / Organisms will converge upon the same lifestyle
a. Allopatric speciation / Geographical separation of populations contributes to their
divergence.
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of large body size?
a. Reduced trunk flexibility, e.g. fused lungs and ribcage in elephants
b. Increased limb flexion
c. Skeleton modified (compressive forces increased, shear forces reduced,
Major support shifts from muscle to bone)
d. Limb bones pillar-like, vertical
e. Safety (protection from most predators)
b. Increased limb flexion
Which of the following considerations of size and scale mean that Tokyo is safe
from attack by Godzilla (who stands 100 m tall, and weighs between 20,000 and
60,000 tonnes)?
a. Substantial pressure on his joint articular cartilage
b. Heat retention due to high thermal inertia
c. His bones are not thick enough to bear his weight on land
d. At his body size and metabolic requirements he would not find sufficient
food
e. All of the above are correct
e. All of the above are correct
. The basic structural and functional contractile unit of a muscle fibre is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ . a. thin filament b. thick filament c. T-tubule d. sarcomere e. sarcolemma
d. sarcomere
Which of the following statements does NOT correctly finish this sentence? The
efficiency of running in large cursorial mammals is improved by adaptations of
the musculoskeletal system, including _______________ .
a. an adducted limb posture, in which the limbs are positioned under the body
and thus closer to the centre of mass
b. an increased stride length by modifications to digitigrade or unguligrade foot
postures
c. an increased stride length by increasing the relative length of the proximal
limb segments
d. the elastic storage of energy in long tendons
e. a decrease in the relative mass of the distal parts of the leg
c. an increased stride length by increasing the relative length of the proximal
limb segments
. High intensity activity in a muscle utilises the glycolysis pathway to produce ATP
because __________.
a. Glycolysis is more efficient than aerobic metabolism
b. Glycolysis is more efficient than anaerobic metabolism
c. Glycolysis has a rapid rate of ATP production
d. Glycolysis uses oxygen to produce ATP
e. Glycolysis can use both glucose and fatty acids as fuel sources
c. Glycolysis has a rapid rate of ATP production
With regard to the energetic costs of locomotion, which of the following
statements is NOT correct.
a. Smaller animals use more energy to move, because for any given distance, smaller
animals will take a greater number of steps
b. Larger animals have a lower relative cost of transport because they can store more
elastic energy during movement than smaller animals
c. Smaller animals have a relatively higher cost of transport because they need more
uneconomical fast-twitch fibres to move their appendages faster
d. In fluid environments, smaller animals have a lower relative cost of locomotion
because their smaller bodies are subject to less drag
e. In fluid environments, larger animals have greater inertia
d. In fluid environments, smaller animals have a lower relative cost of locomotion
because their smaller bodies are subject to less drag
Select the option that BEST completes the following sentence:
“The evolution of the vertebrate cardiovascular system has involved a shift from
spongy to _____________ myocardium, an increase in the number of
_____________ and _____________ separation of the systemic and
pulmonary circulations.”
a. Compact / Heart chambers / Increasing
b. Compact / Valves / Decreasing
c. Compact / Aorta / Increasing
d. Cardiac / Valves / Decreasing
e. Cardiac / Heart chambers / Increasing
a. Compact / Heart chambers / Increasing
Select the option that BEST completes the following sentence for the
mammalian heart:
“Blood flows from the left atrium into the ____________________, then into
systemic circulation, then into the ____________________, then into the right
ventricle, then into the pulmonary circulation, then back into the left atrium”.
a. Left ventricle / Right atrium
b. Left ventricle / Aorta
c. Right atrium / Left ventricle
d. Right atrium / Aorta
e. Aorta / Left ventricle
a. Left ventricle / Right atrium
Cardiac stroke volume is defined as
a. End diastolic volume - end systolic volume
b. End systolic volume x end diastolic volume
c. End-systolic volume + end-diastolic volume
d. End-systolic volume - end-diastolic volume
e. Heart rate x cardiac output
a. End diastolic volume - end systolic volume
Which ONE of the following is a CORRECT statement about the systolic phases
of the cardiac cycle?
a. During systolic phases, blood always flows out of the heart
b. Systolic phases take up the majority of time during a cardiac cycle
c. During a systolic phase, all four hear chambers are relaxing simultaneously
d. During a systolic phase, all four heart chambers are contracting
simultaneously
e. The left atrium and the right atrium undergo systole synchronously
e. The left atrium and the right atrium undergo systole synchronously
Consider the following events in the cardiac cycle (numbered 1-4).
1. Ventricular systole
2. Left atrial depolarisation
3. Atrioventricular node depolarisation
4. Blood flow between the left ventricle and the aorta
Which ONE of the options below correctly describes the order that these events
will occur in during a normal cardiac cycle that starts with depolarisation of the
sinoatrial node?
a. 1, 2, 3, 4
b. 3, 2, 1, 4
c. 2, 3, 4, 1
d. 4, 2, 3, 1
e. 2, 3, 1, 4
e. 2, 3, 1, 4
Which one of the following statements about blood flow in blood vessels is
CORRECT?
a. Dehydration will lead to increased blood flow
b. Higher than normal levels of red blood cells will lead to increased blood flow
c. Blood flow rate is independent of blood viscosity
d. Decreased resistance of in blood vessels will lead to increased blood flow
e. The pressure gradient driving blood flow is independent of body position
d. Decreased resistance of in blood vessels will lead to increased blood flow
In a hot environment (Ta>37°C), the only way to lose heat is through _________.
a. Conduction
b. Convection
c. Radiation
d. Evaporation of water
e. Metabolism
d. Evaporation of water
. ‘Wind chill factor’ refers to additional heat lost due to ___________________
a. Conduction
b. Convection
c. Radiation
d. Evaporation of water
e. Metabolism
b. Convection
