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BMS107 > 2012 Exam > Flashcards

2012 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is NOT a defining feature of chordates?

a. Ventral nervous system
b. Ventral heart
c. Gills at some stage of life
d. A tail extending past the anus
e. A notochord

A

a. Ventral nervous system

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2
Q

Which of the following physiological responses is an example of a negative feedback response loop?

a. An increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin, a hormone that lowers blood glucose concentration
b. Stimulation of a nerve cell causes sodium ions to leak into the cell, and the sodium influx triggers the inward leaking of more sodium
c. During childbirth, the baby’s head against the cervix causes an increase in plasma oxytocin concentration
d. Blood clot formation
e. Salivary glands activated at the sight of food

A

a. An increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin, a hormone that lowers blood glucose concentration

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3
Q

Which of the following change shape in response to the presence of specific molecules in order to transport those molecules across the cell membrane?

a. Structural proteins
b. Enzymes
c. Carrier proteins
d. Channel proteins (eg aquaporins)
e. Ligands

A

c. Carrier proteins

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4
Q

The Na-K ATPase pump moves ______ Na+ molecule(s) out of a cell and ______ K+ molecule(s) into a cell per ______ molecule(s) ATP hydrolysed.

a. One One One
b. One Two Three
c. Two Three One
d. Three Two One
e. Three Three One

A

d. Three Two One

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5
Q

Which of the following BEST distinguishes between osmolarity and tonicity?

a. Osmolarity is a passive process but tonicity involves active transport
b. Osmolarity is only of concern in the present of salt
c. Tonicity takes into account only non-penetrating solutes
d. Tonicity is affected by the concentration of the permeable solutes
e. Tonicity is given in absolute values

A

c. Tonicity takes into account only non-penetrating solutes

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6
Q

Which ONE of the following BEST defines connective tissues as a group?

a. They are typically acellular
b. They connect other structures, e.g. muscle to bone
c. They are predominantly composed of extracellular matrix
d. They are derived from the embryonic mesoderm
e. They have a poor blood supply

A

c. They are predominantly composed of extracellular matrix

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7
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE for the main solutes in vertebrates?

a. Perturbing solutes disrupt macromolecule function
b. Na+, K+, Cl-, SO4+ and charged amino acids are disrupting solutes
c. Compatible solutes have little affect on macromolecule function
d. Polyols (e.g. glycerol, glucose) and uncharged amino acids are compatible solutes
e. Counteracting solutes disrupt function only when in combination with other solutes (e.g. urea and methylamines)

A

e. Counteracting solutes disrupt function only when in combination with other solutes (e.g. urea and methylamines)

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8
Q

Select the option that CORRECTLY ranks these vertebrate diets from least to most preformed water
least preformed water ↔ most preformed water
a. Green pasture Dry grass Meat
b. Green pasture Insects Dry grass
c. Dry seeds Insects Green pasture
d. Dry seeds Green pasture Dry grass
e. Nectar Meat Insects

A

c. Dry seeds Insects Green pasture

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9
Q

A marine cartilaginous fish (a Chondrichthyes, e.g. sharks and rays) maintains water and electrolyte balance by retention of ____________ , the perturbing effects of which are counteracted by the presence of ____________ .

a. Electrolytes Urea
b. Electrolytes TMAO (trimethylamine oxide)
c. Urea TMAO (trimethylamine oxide)
d. Urea Rectal glands
e. Electrolytes Rectal glands

A

c. Urea TMAO (trimethylamine oxide)

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10
Q

Alcohol and caffeine inhibit Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion from the pituitary. Select the option that BEST describes the consequences of inhibited ADH secretion.

a. Small volume of concentrated urine will be produced
b. Small volume of dilute urine will be produced
c. Large volume of concentrated urine will be produced
d. More aquaporins (water channels) will be inserted into the renal collecting ducts
e. The renal collecting ducts will remain impermeable to water

A

e. The renal collecting ducts will remain impermeable to water

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11
Q

There are three main types of cartilage, hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage. Which of the following BEST describes these types?
Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage
a. smooth and firm, found between articular joints high tensile strength, found within intervertebral discs highly elastic, found within the ear cartilage
b. soft and spongy, found in all extracellular matrices low tensile strength, found within nose cartilage highly elastic, found within the ear cartilage
c. soft and spongy found within intervertebral discs smooth and firm, found between articular joints highly elastic, found within the contractile sarcomere of the muscle
d. smooth and firm, found within intervertebral discs soft and spongy, found between articular joints highly elastic, found within the ear cartilage
e. None of the above

A

a. smooth and firm, found between articular joints high tensile strength, found within intervertebral discs highly elastic, found within the ear cartilage

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12
Q

Which of the following is NOT TRUE about type I collagen?

a. it is the most abundant protein in the mammalian body
b. it best resists tensile forces
c. it is secreted from the cell as procollagen which then assembles spontaneously
d. it is the major component of skin dermis
e. it resists hydrophilic expansion of aggrecan in articular cartilage

A

e. it resists hydrophilic expansion of aggrecan in articular cartilage

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13
Q

Which of the following tissue properties is UNIQUE to bone?

a. its major component by weight is inorganic mineral
b. its major component by weight is extracellular material
c. it is resistant to compression
d. it has a very low water content
e. it contains multinucleate cells

A

a. its major component by weight is inorganic mineral

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14
Q

The term sarcomere is BEST defined as:

a. one set of actin and myosin filaments
b. the smallest functional contractile unit of a myofibril
c. a serially-repeating unit of a myofilament
d. the width of a Z-disc
e. the optimal myofibril length on the tension-length curve

A

b. the smallest functional contractile unit of a myofibril

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15
Q

Which ONE of the following is a CORRECT statement about current flow in a nerve axon?

a. Increasing axon diameter decreases passive current flow along the axonal cytoplasm
b. Myelin decreases current leakage across the axonal membrane
c. Increasing axon diameter decreases current leakage across the axonal membrane
d. Current leakage across axonal membranes is lowest at the Nodes of Ranvier
e. Myelin decreases passive current flow along the axonal cytoplasm

A

b. Myelin decreases current leakage across the axonal membrane

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16
Q

Which ONE of the following defines the adequate stimulus of a sensory receptor?

a. The threshold at which a generator potential is produced
b. The speed with which the generator potential is produced
c. The size of the receptive field that is detecting the stimulus
d. The modality to which the receptors responds best
e. The process involved in sensory transduction

A

d. The modality to which the receptors responds best

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17
Q

Which ONE of the following is involved in the brain “recognising” the intensity of a mechanical stimulus applied to the skin?

a. The amplitude of action potentials in sensory nerves is greater for more intense stimuli
b. The frequency of action potentials in sensory nerves is greater for more intense stimuli
c. There are specific sensory receptors that detect different intensities of mechanical stimuli
d. There are specific areas in the brain that receive different intensities of mechanical stimuli
e. The neurotransmitter released from afferent neurons differs with stimuli of differing intensities

A

b. The frequency of action potentials in sensory nerves is greater for more intense stimuli

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18
Q

The conduction of sound waves from the middle ear to the inner ear is associated with which ONE of the following?

a. Transmission through the Organ of Corti
b. Vibration of the stapes (stirrup) against the round window
c. Vibration of the stapes (stirrup) against the oval window
d. Vibration of the malleus (hammer) against the stapes (stirrup).
e. Vibration of the incus (anvil) against the tympanic membrane

A

c. Vibration of the stapes (stirrup) against the oval window

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19
Q

Which ONE of the following skin receptors would be involved in detecting an infection associated with a splinter of wood in the tip of a finger?

a. Merkel’s disks
b. Ruffini’s corpuscles
c. Meissner’s corpuscles
d. Thermoreceptors
e. Nociceptors

A

e. Nociceptors

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20
Q

Which ONE of the following is a function of the fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye?

a. Provide nutrients to the sclera
b. Provide nutrients to the cornea and lens
c. Help focus light on the retina
d. Directs light through the pupil
e. Maintain the blood supply to the ciliary body

A

b. Provide nutrients to the cornea and lens

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21
Q

The saccule detects movement in which ONE of the following directions?

a. Angular acceleration, as when nodding the head “yes”
b. Angular acceleration, as when shaking the head “no”
c. Angular acceleration, from side to side
d. Linear acceleration forward and backward
e. Linear acceleration up or down

A

e. Linear acceleration up or down

22
Q

Which ONE of the following is detected by Type II taste receptor cells?

a. Salty
b. Sweet and umami**
c. Umami and salty
d. Sweet and sour
e. Bitter

A

e. Bitter

23
Q

In aquatic animals, which ONE of the following is a function of neuromasts?

a. Prey location by electrodetection
b. Navigation by magnetodetection
c. Detection of movement through water
d. Detection of sound in water
e. The production of an electrical field around the animal

A

c. Detection of movement through water

24
Q

Why are the terms ‘cold blooded’ and ‘warm blooded’ not accurate terms to describe vertebrates

a. Because reptiles can behaviourally thermoregulate and maintain warm body temperatures
b. Because birds and mammals maintain a constant body temperature
c. Because some mammals gain most heat through metabolism
d. Because body temperature of fish matches water temperature
e. Because some fish maintain a constant body temperature

A

a. Because reptiles can behaviourally thermoregulate and maintain warm body temperatures

25
Q

In terms of thermoregulatory strategy, reptiles are best described as

a. Endothermic homeotherms
b. Endothermic poikilotherms
c. Endothermic heterotherms
d. Ectothermic homeotherms
e. Ectothermic poikilotherms

A

e. Ectothermic poikilotherms

26
Q

Which of the following options CORRECTLY identifies advantages and disadvantages of blubber vs. fur?
Fur/Blubber
a. Fur loses its thermal insulation when wet / Blubber loses its thermal insulation when wet
b. The properties of fur work best when the animal is wet / The properties of blubber work best when the animal is wet
c. The thermal insulation of fur can be bypassed when the animal is cold / The thermal insulation of blubber can be bypassed when the animal is cold
d. The thermal insulation of fur cannot be bypassed when the animal is hot / The thermal insulation of blubber can be bypassed when the animal is hot
e. There is no limit on how long fur can grow to be / There is no limit on the thickness of the blubber layer

A

d. The thermal insulation of fur cannot be bypassed when the animal is hot / The thermal insulation of blubber can be bypassed when the animal is hot

27
Q

Which of the following is the BEST description for essential nutrients?

a. Those required for body maintenance
b. Those that must be supplied by the diet
c. Those that can be synthesised by the body
d. Those required for protein deposition
e. Those required for anabolism

A

b. Those that must be supplied by the diet

28
Q 
Which of the following correctly orders these nutrients from greatest amounts required to least amounts required?
	Greatest		Least 
a.	Carbohydrates - Minerals - Fat 
b.	Carbohydrates - Fat - Protein
c.	Carbohydrates - Vitamins - Protein
d.	Protein - Vitamins - Fat
e.	Protein - Vitamins - Water
A

b. Carbohydrates - Fat - Protein

29
Q

In vertebrates, the digestion of cellulose _________ .

a. is due to secretion of acid in the stomach
b. is due to the action of amylases
c. is due to the action of disaccharidases
d. is due to the action of microorganisms in the gut
e. takes place in all species

A

d. is due to the action of microorganisms in the gut

30
Q

Which of the following is a correct illustration of an anabolic process?

a. Breakdown of fats to fatty acids
b. Breakdown of proteins to amino acids
c. Breakdown of complex carbohydrates to monosaccharides
d. Synthesis of proteins from amino acids
e. Synthesis of polysaccharides from fatty acids

A

d. Synthesis of proteins from amino acids

31
Q

Which of the following is correct during the absorptive state?

a. Glucose is released from food in the gut
b. Glucose is released from the liver
c. Triglycerides are broken down to provide energy for the body
d. Proteins are broken down to provide energy for the body
e. Glucagon is broken down to provide energy for the body

A

a. Glucose is released from food in the gut

32
Q

During the post-absorptive (fasted) state, __________ is the dominant hormone and the body undergoes net __________ .

a. Glucagon catabolism
b. Glucagon energy storage
c. Insulin anabolism
d. Insulin growth
e. Insulin energy storage

A

a. Glucagon catabolism

33
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Action / Consequence
a. Increase in blood glucose / Circulating insulin increases
b. Cells around body take up glucose / Fall in blood glucose concentration
c. Decrease in blood glucose / Circulating glucagon increases
d. Circulating glucagon increases / Breakdown of glycogen in liver
e. Glycogen is released from liver / Decreased blood glucose

A

e. Glycogen is released from liver / Decreased blood glucose

34
Q 
Which of the following options CORRECTLY identifies the circulating and storage form of each of these fuels for metabolism?
	Metabolic fuel	/ Circulating form
a.	Carbohydrate / Glucose
b.	Carbohydrate	/ Glucagon
c.	Protein 	 / Carbohydrate
d.	Protein	/ Fatty acids
e.	Fat 	/ Amino acids
A

a. Carbohydrate / Glucose

35
Q

In which of the following would you record the LOWEST metabolic rate?

a. A young, 20kg dog recovering from injury
b. A young, 20kg dog in a cold room
c. An old, 20kg dog on a treadmill
d. An old, 20kg dog in a warm room
e. An old, 20kg dog in a cold room

A

d. An old, 20kg dog in a warm room

36
Q

Which ONE of the following best describes the muscle mechanics involved in quiet expiration?

a. Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles leads to a decrease in thoracic volume
b. Relaxation of the abdominal and internal intercostals muscles leads to a decrease in thoracic volume
c. Relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles leads to a decrease in thoracic volume
d. Contraction of the abdominal and internal intercostal muscles leads to a decrease in thoracic volume
e. Relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles leads to an increase in thoracic volume

A

c. Relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles leads to a decrease in thoracic volume

37
Q

Which ONE of the following sets of variables will speed up the rate of gas diffusion from the alveoli to the blood?

a. Increased surface area, decreased diffusion distance, higher gas solubility coefficient
b. Decreased diffusion distance, decreased partial pressure gradient, higher gas solubility coefficient
c. Increased diffusion distance, increased partial pressure gradient, higher gas solubility coefficient
d. Increased surface area, decreased diffusion distance, lower gas solubility coefficient
e. Decreased diffusion distance, increased partial pressure gradient, lower solubility coefficient

A

a. Increased surface area, decreased diffusion distance, higher gas solubility coefficient

38
Q

Which ONE of the following is a TRUE statement regarding avian respiration?

a. Inspiration relies on contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
b. Avian lungs have a greater capacity to expand than mammalian lungs
c. Gas exchange takes place at the numerous air sacs throughout the body
d. Airflow through avian lungs is unidirectional
e. Parabronchi directly connect the caudal and cranial air sacs, bypassing the lungs

A

d. Airflow through avian lungs is unidirectional

39
Q

Which ONE of the following sets of changes would you expect to see in the arterial partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2 ) and O2 (pO2) during hypoventilation?

a. A decrease in both pCO2 and pO2
b. An increase in both pCO2 and pO2
c. A decrease in pCO2 and an increase in pO2
d. An increase in pCO2 and a decrease in pO2
e. No change to either pCO2 or pO2

A

d. An increase in pCO2 and a decrease in pO2

40
Q

Which ONE of the following is a TRUE statement regarding the function of intrapleural fluid?

a. Reduces hydrogen bonds in the alveoli, allowing their expansion during inspiration
b. Increases hydrogen bonds between the pleural layers, preventing separation of the pleurae
c. Reduces hydrogen bonds between the pleurae, holding the lungs in a semi-inflated state at rest
d. Reduces hydrogen bonds between the pleural layers, ensuring friction free movement of the lungs against the thoracic wall
e. Increases hydrogen bonds in the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing

A

b. Increases hydrogen bonds between the pleural layers, preventing separation of the pleurae

41
Q

A sealed 2 litre (2L) container has a mixture of gases contained in it at a pressure of 500 mmHg. If the volume of the container is halved to 1 litre (1L), what would expect the new pressure in the container be (assume ideal conditions)?

a. 1000 mmHg
b. 250 mmHg
c. 500 mmHg
d. 50 mmHg
e. Unable to judge because the type of gas is not specified.

A

a. 1000 mmHg

42
Q

Which ONE of the following is a TRUE statement regarding transpulmonary pressure (Ptp)?

a. Remains constant throughout inspiration and expiration
b. Represents the pressure within the intrapleural space and is always negative
c. Increased Ptp creates a larger distending force necessary for lung expansion
d. Represents the force that keeps the lungs distended and is always negative
e. Represents the pressure within the intrapleural space and is always positive

A

c. Increased Ptp creates a larger distending force necessary for lung expansion

43
Q

Which ONE of the following is characteristic of the respiratory zone?

a. Absence of goblet cells and cilia, increased mucous production
b. Airways 1-2mm in diameter, absence of mucous, cilia and cartilage
c. Absence of cartilage, increased total cross-sectional area of zone
d. Increased membrane thickness, absence of mucous, cilia and cartilage
e. Decreased membrane thickness and reduced total cross-sectional area of zone

A

c. Absence of cartilage, increased total cross-sectional area of zone

44
Q

Which cells are responsible for producing surfactant?

a. Goblet cells
b. Type I alveolar cells
c. Type II alveolar cells
d. Alveolar macrophages
e. None of the above

A

c. Type II alveolar cells

45
Q

Which ONE of the following is a TRUE statement regarding air pressure and altitude?

a. As altitude increases, the partial pressure of oxygen decreases
b. As altitude increases, the density of air increases
c. As altitude decreases, the partial pressure of oxygen decreases
d. As altitude increases, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases
e. As altitude decreases, the partial pressure of oxygen remains unchanged

A

a. As altitude increases, the partial pressure of oxygen decreases

46
Q

a) At resting membrane potential, K+ is at electrochemical equilibrium, but Na+ is not.
TRUE
FALSE

A

FALSE

47
Q

a) Only excitable cells have a resting membrane potential.
TRUE
FALSE

A

FALSE

48
Q

a) Na+/K+ ATPase pumps move Na+ ions out of cells and K+ ions into cells.
TRUE
FALSE

A

TRUE

49
Q

a) Current is defined as the movement of charge, and only occurs in the presence of a conductor.
TRUE
FALSE

A

TRUE

50
Q

a) Volts (V) are the units of potential difference. TRUE

FALSE

A

TRUE

51
Q

a) Membrane permeability is one of the two main determinants of membrane potential.
TRUE
FALSE

A

TRUE

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