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ANAT1019 Past Exams > 2014 > Flashcards

2014 Flashcards

1
Q 
The trapezius muscle is supplied by which of the following nerves?
A) the medial pectoral nerve
B) the radial nerve
C) the accessory nerve
D) the intercostal nerve
E) the median nerve
A

C

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2
Q

All of the following are TRUE about the glenohumeral joint EXCEPT which one?
A) The glenoid labrum acts in joint stability
B) Stability of the joint is primarily dependent upon the capsule and ligaments
C) The tendon of the long head of biceps brachii is intra-articular
D) The joint is classified as a ball and socket joint
E) The pectoralis major acts in flexion of the joint

A

i think its C?? but could be B idk

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3
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the elbow joint complex is FALSE?
A) The radiohumeral joint is the articulation between the the head of the radius and the trochlea of the humerus
B) The elbow joint complex consists of three joints that share a common synovial cavity
C) The humeroulnar joint has a high degree of bony congruency
D) The proximal radioulnar joint is a synovial pivot joint
E) The radial and ulnar collateral ligaments are capsular ligaments

A

A ? (should be capitulum of humerus)

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4
Q 
A man damaged a nerve in his arm and now has difficulty pronating his forearm, flexing his wrist and fingers; and the lateral half of his palm is numb. Which nerve did he damage?
A) ulnar
B) radial
C) musculocutaneous
D) axillary
E) median
A

E

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5
Q

The function of the first dorsal interosseous is to
A) reduce tension within the tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis
B) extend the interphalangeal (IP) joints, flex the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint and abduct the second digit
C) flex and abduct the thumb
D) abduct the ring finger
E) flex the interphalangeal (IP) joints, and extend the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint of the second digit

A

C (i think)

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6
Q 
Since joints in the lower limb are subjected to greater forces than joints in the upper limb, lower
limb joints are
A) not diarthrotic joints
B) not stabilised by ligaments
C) generally less stable
D) less mobile
E) more mobile
A

D?? (same as 2016 and 2015)

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7
Q

Concerning the pelvic girdle and lower limb,
A) iliacus and psoas major attach to the greater trochanter via the iliopsoas tendon
B) the common action of piriformis, gemellus superior, obturator internus, gemellus inferior, quadratus femoris, and obturator externus is extension at the hip
C) a muscle that attaches to the ischial tuberosity is the semimembranosus
D) the distal attachment of the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle is the head of the fibula
E) the gluteus medius muscle is attached to the external surface of the ilium, between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines, and then via a short tendon to the neck of the femur

A

C (same as 2015 and 2016)

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8
Q 
Sartorius derives its proximal attachment at which bony landmark?
A) anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
B) pubic tubercle
C) tibial tuberosity
D) anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
E) medial epicondyle of the knee
A

D (same as 2016 and 2015)

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9
Q 
The ligament that prevents anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur is the
A) anterior cruciate ligament
B) tibial collateral ligament
C) posterior cruciate ligament
D) meniscofemoral ligament
E) fibular collateral ligament
A

A (same as 2015 and 2016)

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10
Q 
Which muscle is attached to the flexor digitorum longus?
A) interossei
B) flexor digitorum brevis
C) quadratus plantae
D) adductor hallucis
E) flexor hallucis brevis
A

C (same as 2015 and 2016)

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11
Q

Which of the following CORRECTLY describes the changes in the vertebral column as one
moves caudally from the lower cervical region towards the lower thoracic region?
A) The vertebral canal gradually diminishes as the vertebral bodies enlarge
B) The height of the vertebral bodies decrease
C) The transverse processes become progressively shorter
D) The neural arches increase in diameter as the spinous processes shorten
E) The vertebral foramina steadily increase in diameter

A

possibly A

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12
Q

Regarding the curvature of the thoracic vertebral column, the form of the curve is
A) described as a secondary curve
B) primarily due to the shape of the discs
C) described as a scoliosis
D) primarily due to the shape of the vertebrae
E) described as a lordotic curve

A

D (same as 2016 and 2015)

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13
Q 
How many intervertebral discs are normally present in a typical human vertebral column?
A) 23 
B) 24 
C) 25 
D) 29 
E) 30
A

A (same as 2015)

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14
Q

The transverse ligament
A) resists forward translation of C1 on C2
B) is a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament
C) is predominantly elastin fibres
D) attaches to the odontoid process and the margins of foramen magnum
E) resists rotation of C1 on C2

A

A (same as 2016 and 2015)

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15
Q

When you turn your head 30 degrees toward the right, most of that movement would occur at
which of the following intervertebral levels?
A) C0/1
B) C1/2
C) C2/3
D) C3/4
E) C4/5

A

B (same as 2015 and 2016)

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16
Q

In the lumbar spine,
A) axial rotation to the right will result in compression of the right zygapophyseal joint
B) the superior articular processes of lower lumbar vertebrae are oriented in the sagittal plane whilst those of the upper lumbar vertebrae are more aligned with the coronal plane
C) extension may result in the inferior articular process of the superior vertebrae impacting the lamina between the articular processes of the vertebra below
D) zygapophyseal joint orientation favours movements in the transverse plane
E) the main site of muscle attachment is the vertebral body

A

?? (same as 2015 and 2016)

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17
Q 
Which of the following muscles does NOT contribute to axial rotation of the lumbar spine?
A) transversus abdominis
B) internal oblique abdominal
C) multifidus
D) iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracis
E) external oblique abdominal
A

A or D?? (same as 2015 and 2016)

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18
Q

The superior attachment of longissimus thoracis pars thoracis is the
A) thoracic transverse processes and lower 8 ribs
B) lower cervical transverse processes
C) upper thoracic spinous processes
D) angles of the lower 6 ribs
E) erector spinae aponeurosis

A

A

19
Q 
Contraction of which of the following muscles produces the greatest posterior shear force on
the vertebral motion segment?
A) quadratus lumborum
B) iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum
C) longissimus thoracis pars thoracis
D) rectus abdominis
E) multifidus
A

B

20
Q 
The posterior outer annulus fibrosus is innervated by the
A) sciatic nerve
B) medial branch of the dorsal rami
C) sinuvertebral nerve
D) anterior vertebral plexus
E) grey rami communicantes
A

C (same as 2015 and 2016)

21
Q

Which of the following statements regarding development of the central nervous system is INCORRECT?
A) The fact that the internal capsule separates the caudate nucleus from the putamen is proof that these related structures have different developmental origins
B) The sulcus limitans divides the spinal cord into an alar (sensory) plate and a basal (motor) plate
C) Various brain structures such as the caudate nucleus acquire a C-shape during development due to the massive expansion of the cerebral cortex
D) The central sulcus and lateral fissure are the first sulci to appear as the cerebral cortex expands
E) The insular cortex becomes buried in the lateral fissure as the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes expand

A

??

22
Q

The posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
A) is the principal source of blood supply to the primary auditory cortex
B) is the terminal branch of the basilar artery
C) is a branch of the internal carotid artery
D) supplies blood to the medial aspects of the temporal, parietal and occipital lobes
E) supplies blood to the occipital lobe as well as the cerebellum

A

B (same as 2015 and 2016)

23
Q 
Which of the following is a branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?
A) radial nerve
B) musculocutaneous nerve
C) ulnar nerve
D) accessory nerve
E) median nerve
A

A

24
Q 
The roots of the sciatic nerve arise from which spinal cord segments?
A) L3, L4, L5, S1, S2
B) L2, L3, L4
C) L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
D) S1, S2, S3, S4, S5
E) L1, L2, L3, L4, L5
A

C

25
Q

Which damage of the visual pathway is NOT correctly paired with a likely corresponding visual
deficit?
A) complete blindness : bilateral occipital infarction
B) binasal hemianopia : damage of optic chiasm
C) ipsilateral blindness : damage of one optic nerve
D) contralateral superior quadrantanopia : temporal lobe infarct
E) contralateral homonymous hemianopia : optic tract lesion

A

B (same as 2016)

should be bitemporal

26
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the spinal cord is INCORRECT?
A) 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord
B) The ventral horns (Rexed’s lamina IX) contain the spinal motor neurones
C) The inter-segmental fibres of the spinal cord (= fasciculus proprius) are located directly adjacent to the spinal grey matter
D) The dorsal columns receive blood supply from the anterior spinal artery
E) Extrafusal muscle fibres in skeletal muscle are supplied by alpha motor neurones

A

??

27
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the medulla oblongata is CORRECT?
A) The pyramids of the medulla oblongata contain cortico-pontine fibres
B) The olive lies medial to the pyramid
C) The caudal part of the olive demarcates the border between the medulla and spinal cord
D) It contains the tectum
E) The hypoglossal nerve emerges in the sulcus between the pyramid and the olive

A

?? (same as 2015)

28
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the amygdala is INCORRECT?
A) It lies deep to the uncus
B) It consists of multiple groups of nuclei
C) It receives sensory input, but only from the olfactory system
D) It is involved in emotional responses
E) It is important for our perception and response to fear

A

??

29
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the limbic system is INCORRECT?
A) The original term “limbic lobe” refers to cingulate and parahippocampal gyri
B) Limbic structures are involved with learning and memory
C) The limbic system is often referred to as the sensory brain
D) The olfactory tract travels to some limbic structures
E) It is assumed that the limbic system tags sensory input with emotional component

A

??

30
Q 
Structural components of the limbic system include all of the following EXCEPT the 
A) ammons horn
B) amygdala
C) septum pellucidum
D) mamillary body
E) fornix
A

A or C

31
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the frontal lobe is INCORRECT?
A) The supplementary premotor area is primarily located in the inferior frontal gyrus
B) Lesions of the frontal lobe may give rise to ocular signs
C) The frontal lobe contains the giant cells of Betz
D) The frontal lobe contains the Broca’s area
E) The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus

A

?? (same as 2015 and 2016, not D or E)

32
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the pyramidal pathway is INCORRECT?
A) The corticospinal tract descends via the posterior limb of the internal capsule
B) Some fibres of the pyramidal pathway originate from gyri different to the precentral gyrus
C) All fibres of the lateral corticospinal tract cross over (decussate) at the level of the caudal medulla
D) Most fibres of the pyramidal pathway descend in the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord
E) Most fibres of cortico(bulbar)nuclear are found within the pyramids of the medulla

A

?? (same as 2015 and 2016, not A or D)

33
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the descending motor pathways is TRUE?
A) The tectospinal tract usually ends at the lumbar spine level
B) The reticulospinal tract crosses over (decussates) to contralateral side at the level of medulla
C) The tectospinal tract crosses over (decussates) to the contralateral side at the mid-brain level
D) The rubrospinal tract descends in the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord
E) The vestibulospinal tract receives a major input from the cochlea

A

C (same as 2015 and 2016)

34
Q 
The pyramidal pathway
A) is a commissural fibre tract
B) only descends to the pyramids of the medulla
C) mainly contains dendritic fibres
D) is an association fibre tract
E) is a projection fibre tract
A

?? (same as 2015)

35
Q

Many nuclei in the brainstem (midbrain, pons and medulla) are involved in motor control. Which of the following statements about these nuclei is INCORRECT?
A) Vestibular nuclei receive information from vestibular sensory axons as well as proprioceptive pathways
B) All nuclei receive projections from the cerebral cortex
C) All nuclei receive projections from the cerebellum
D) Red nucleus projects to the spinal cord through the rubrospinal tract but the superior colliculus does not have direct projections to the spinal cord
E) Brainstem nuclei include the vestibular nuclei, the red nucleus and the superior colliculus

A

??

36
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the descending motor pathways is CORRECT?
A) The rubrospinal tract descends in the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord
B) The vestibulospinal tract solely conveys the information from the vestibular apparatus
C) The tegmentum of the pons contains the corticospinal tract
D) The tectospinal tract gives collaterals to the reticulospinal tract
E) The reticulospinal tract originates from the reticular formation of the midbrain

A

D?? (same as 2015)

37
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the basal nuclei is INCORRECT?
A) The internal capsule passes through the striatum
B) The caudate nucleus has a head, body and tail
C) The basal ganglia are connected to the ventroanterior (VA) nucleus of the thalamus
D) Parts of the caudate nucleus are located in the temporal lobe
E) The striatum is predominantly composed of dopaminergic neurones

A

E -GABA (same as 2015 and 2016)

38
Q 
Which of the following is a sign of impaired cerebellar function?
A) cogwheel rigidity
B) ataxic gait
C) loss of conscious proprioception
D) spasticparalysis
E) Babinski sign
A

B (same as 2015)

39
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the cerebellum is INCORRECT? The cerebellum
A) receives major input from the thalamus
B) projects to the thalamus
C) receives major input from the brainstem
D) receives major input from the spinal cord
E) projects to vestibular nuclei

A

?? (same as 2015 and 2016)

40
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the cerebellum is CORRECT?
A) The tonsils connect its two hemispheres
B) Disease of the right cerebellum will result in symptoms on the left half of the body
C) The cerebellum is supplied by the internal carotid arterial system
D) The afferent fibres reaching the cerebellar cortex originate in the deep cerebellar nuclei
E) The archicerebellum is primarily concerned with the maintenance of balance

A

?? (same as 2015)

41
Q

Describe the structure of a typical lumbar intervertebral disc and discuss how the structure contributes to the function of the disc.

A

(same as 2015 and 2016)

the lumbar region has a large intervertebral disc to vertebral body height ratio = this facilitates movement through having a larger intervertebral disc height you have maintained the weight bearing surface and distributing the force to decrease the stress so the superior vertebrae can undergo greater movement before impacting the inferior vertebrae
the greater amount of seperation = the greater amount of movement

42
Q

How does the pars compacta of the substantia nigra modulate the direct and indirect pathways of the cortical-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop? Provide a schematic diagram and name the
neurotransmitters involved.

A

direct:
(draw diagram)
- SNc excites D1-dopamine receptors, which excites the direct pathway further
- this promotes further disinhibition of thalamocortical neurons- which further facilitates voluntary movements initiated in the motor cortex

indirect:
(draw diagram)
- SNc inhibits D2-dopamine receptors via synapsing on and inhibiting the cholinergic (excitatory) interneurons leading to inhibition of the indirect pathway
- this reduces the tonic inhibition (disinhibition) of the thalamo-cortical neurons- which further facilitates movements initiated in the motor cortex

43
Q

Detail the pathway that permits the localisation of pain and those pathways that influence the
emotional response to pain.

A

??

ANAT1019 Past Exams (5 decks)

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