2013 june Flashcards
describe the effect on death rate of having only nurses (who didn’t work in other wards with patients who had diseases) working in a ward and not doctors (who often worked in other wards with patients who had diseases and did not wash their hands). To gain full marks you must refer to the data provided (2)
✏️ lower percentage (of women) who died
✏️ numerical reference to a pair of figures to show this
suggest an explanation for the difference in the death rate of wards having only nurses (who didn’t work in other wards with patients who had diseases) and wards with doctors (who often worked in other wards with patients who had diseases and did not wash their hands (2)
✏️ doctors were not transferring
✏️ pathogens / bacteria / viruses / microorganisms / microbes
what evidence is there to support Dr Semmelweis telling the doctors to wash their hands in hospitals? (3)
✏️ lower percentage of patients died (when doctors washed hands
✏️ large decrease or reference to proportional decrease
✏️ little / no difference / similar to ward with only nurses
✏️ continued drop (in ward with doctors)
other than improvements in hygiene, give two reasons for the low death rate from infectious diseases in modern hospitals (2)
✏️ better understanding / knowledge of immunity
✏️ better / new drugs
✏️ sterilisation of equipment or isolation of patients or some infectious diseases wiped out or earlier identification / treatment of infections
scientists investigated the effectiveness of three slimming programmes, A, B and C, and a control group. what should the control group eat? (1)
idea of normal food / diet
scientists investigated the effectiveness of three slimming programmes, A, B and C, and a control group. why did the scientists include a control group in this study? (1)
for comparison
all the slimming programmes seemed to be effective. how would information in the graph show this? (2)
all lost body mass (compared to the control group)
describe how living things are involved in the constant cycling of carbon (6)
examples of biology points made in the response:
✏️ (green) plants photosynthesise
✏️ photosynthesis takes in carbon dioxide
✏️ (green) plants use carbon to make carbohydrate / protein / fat / organic compounds / named (e.g. enzymes / cellulose)
✏️ animals eat (green) plants (and other animals)
✏️ (green) plants respire
✏️ animals respire
✏️ respiration releases carbon dioxide
✏️ (green) plants and animals die
✏️ microorganisms decay / decompose / rot / break down / feed on dead organisms
✏️ microorganisms respire
what is meant by metabolic rate? (1)
rate of chemical reactions (in the body)
metabolic rate is affected by the amount of activity a person does. give two other factors that may affect a person’s metabolic rate (2)
✏️ heredity / inheritance / genetics
✏️ proportion of muscle to fat or (body) mass
✏️ age / growth rate
✏️ gender
people could live longer by changing their lifestyles. give two changes they could make (2)
✏️ increase exercise
✏️ reduce food intake
name one plant hormone (1)
auxin
tissue culture is a type of asexual reproduction. give the main features of asexual reproduction (3)
✏️ no (fusion of) gametes / fertilisation
✏️ only one parent
✏️ no mixing of genetic material
✏️ no genetic variation or genetically identical offspring
another method of producing new plants is by taking cuttings. suggest one advantage of using tissue culture and not using cuttings to produce plants (1)
more / many offspring / plants (produced from one parent plant)
what is a drug?
(substance / chemical) that affects body chemistry / chemical reactions in the body
