200 Series- Fireground Operations Flashcards
SOG number for Fireground Operations General
201.0
Purpose of fireground operations general SOG
Establish an operating procedure that provides a consistent, effective, and safe approach to structure fireground operations
Additional Line
The assignment of an attack line to supplement fire attack
Anti ventilation
Practice of controlling flow paths in an effort to limit the amount of air a fire receives
Back up
Assignment of additional personnel to supplement a fire attack crew to assist with getting their hose line operating
Door control
The practice of ensuring the door(s) to the fire area(s) are controlled and closed as much as possible during initial fire attack
Flow Path
Movement of heat, smoke, and fire gasses from the higher pressure areas of the fire, towards the lower pressure areas by the openings such as doors, windows, and roof structures
Knock down
Term used by the interior attack crew to indicate adequate suppression at the seat of the fire, creating favorable conditions for ventilation and the elimination of door control
Quick hit
The application of water from an exterior position
Reset the fire
Term used to notify crews that the exterior application of water has reduced temperatures inside a structure and interior operations cane be initiated
Risk/ Benefit Analysis
The calculated evaluation of a structure that is being affected by fire in order to determine current, and forecast future, fire conditions based on elapsed time and future fire progression by taking into consideration:
Components of Risk/Benefit Analysis
- Fire conditions compared to survivability of fire victims
- How fire conditions are undermining structural integrity of the building
- How fire conditions are/will affect access and egress
- How resources on scene match up to fire conditions and tactical needs (current and future)
Risk/Benefit Model
We will risk our lives a lot, in a calculated manner, to save salable lives
We will risk our lives a little, in a calculated manner, to save savable property
We will not risk our lives at all for lives or property that are already lost
Ventilation Limited
Occurs at fires when oxygen levels inside a structure are depleted. The addition of air though ventilation openings will cause a rapid growth of fire conditions without water and the control of ventilation
Working Fire Notification
A single request to MVRDA for the activation of Battalion 2, on call PIO and On Call Fire Investigator. Only to be used when all three resources are needed.
Standard Company Functions
ENGINE
Rescue Water Supply Fire Attack Anti-Ventilation Back Up Rapid Intervention Overhaul Secure Utilities
Standard Company Functions
TRUCK ( INSIDE)
Search Rescue Ventilation/ Anti-ventilation Back-up Salvage Overhaul
Standard Company Functions
TRUCK (OUTSIDE)
Ventilation/Anti-Ventilation Outside Rescue Back-up Egress Aerial Operations Overhaul
1st due Engine Procedure
Establish Command
Communicate Status of Water Supply
Size up scene
Transmit initial report (BIR)
Follow up ( strategic views, 360,changes, safety issues)
Locate the Fire
Identify and control flow paths ( door control)
Cool the fire from safest location
Transmit reset fire or knockdown
Extinguish the fire in the most direct manner
Transmit benchmark fire under control
*(check extension prior to under control)
Rescue (action of opportunity)
Transmit priority traffic
Salvage (action of opportunity)
1st Due truck company procedure
Size up
Coordinate operations w/ engine co.
Forcible entry
Door control
Search
Transmit benchmark primary search all clear
Ventilation/ anti-ventilation
Extension checks
Overhaul
Response chief response procedure
Assume command and establish stationary command post
Verify operating positions match incident conditions
Confirm position and function of all companies
Transmit transfer of command
Resource determination
Ongoing risk/benefit analysis
(Do conditions match strategy)
Establish on deck tactical reserve
Working fire notification or individual resources
Communicate benchmarks to central
Address recycle/rehab needs
Fireground support (later companies)
RIC Safety Support Additional Lines Additional Manpower Water Supply Utilities Salvage Overhaul
Search and Rescue SOG number and purpose
201.1
Life safety is most important of 3 tactical priorities and includes all activities recruited to protect occupants, remove those who are threatened and treat the injured. Search and rescue are critical components of that tactical priority and are the keys to assuring the success of that tactic
VEIS
Vent, Enter, Isolate, Search
A targeted search performed by gaining access to a room from an exterior position in order to carry out a primary search. VEIS is conducted without the protection of a hose line and is usually conducted away from the initial area of fire attack.
Critical Factors for Search Size up
Fire stage- tenability for victims and potential victims
Effect of fire on building- is building safe to enter
Effect of the fire on victims- savable vs already lost
Fire victims number, location, mobility
Time of day
Availability of on scene resources
Life safety decisions to make during search and rescue
Remove victims from fire or
Remove fire from victims or
Use combination of the two
Order of victim rescue priority
- Most severely threatened
- Larger number ( groups)
- Remainder of the fire area
- Exposed areas
Search Crew or Group, Procedure
Ascertain potential victim information ( location, age, mobility)
When no victim information is available, search will be extended in the following order
1. Closest to fire 2. Bedroom/ sleeping areas 3. Egress paths
Consider VEIS, communicate to command if VEIS is to be performed
Communicate fire location to fire attack crews
Fire attack crews or groups search procedure
Attack lines to control fire
Control interior access(stairs, halls, lobbies)
Confine fire Protect avenues of egress
Search areas that search crew was unable to access due to proximity to the fire area
What are critical fireground factors? Define
Standard list of basic items IC must consider in the evaluation of tactical situations. Providers IC w/ checklist of the basic terms that are involve in size-up, decision-making, initiating action, review and revision of the fireground.
List of Critical Fireground Factors
The Building
Size, construction, roof, age, value, condition, interior arrangement
The Fire
Size, extent, stage, time of involvement, materials, direction of travel
The occupancy
Type/group, fire load, status, contents
The life hazards
Number, location, condition of occupants, extent of fire, resources needed for search and rescue, risk/benefit model
The arrangement
Access, exposures, value of exposures, direction fire is moving, obstructions
Resources
Number of capabilities of personnel, equipment, water, external resources
Fire protection systems
Standpipe, sprinklers, FDC, fire walls, fire alarms, and ventilation systems
Other factors and conditions
Time of day, day of week, season, weather, traffic, special hazards due to holidays or special events
When will fireground strategy be chosen?
After evaluating risk/benefit model and critical fireground factors
Define offensive strategy
IC has determined benefit outweighs risk. Tactics are performed within the hazard zone and are directed towards meeting incident priorities. Tactics should focus on quickly bringing the fire under control and conducting primary search.
Define defensive strategy
The IC has determined the risk outweighs the benefit. Tactics are performed outside of the hazard zone and are directed towards meeting incident priorities. Tactics should focus on protecting the exposures or managing fire extension, confining the fire, and bringing the fire under control
3 incident priorities in order
Life Safety
Incident Stabilization
Property Conservation
Life Safety
Consider the number, location, and condition of the victims
Consider the effect fire has on the victims
Evaluate the ability of available resources to mitigate the problem
Conduct a primary and secondary search in all involve and exposed occupancies
Benchmarks Primary search all clear and Secondary search all clear
Incident Stabilization
A critical command decision, both initial and ongoing, relates to the offensive or defensive strategic modes
The IC should consider the most probably direction of fire extension, particularly as it effects rescue, confinement, and exposure protection and allocate resources based upon this evaluation
Initial attack efforts should be direct toward:
Offensive- Control of Fire and support primary search
Defensive- protecting exposures and controlling fire spread
Benchmark Fire under control
Extinguishment of main body of fire
Evaluate the six sides of fire area for extending
Property Conservation
Evaluate Damage to fire area
Evaluate the salvage value of various areas
Commit resources to loss control functions
Benchmark Loss stopped
3 types of horizontal ventilation
Natural/wind/hydraulic
Small areas, short term, can be used with other methods
PPV
Caution used if attic fire, uncontrolled or hidden
Cover entire opening
Maximized entry/egress
Keep egress clear of smoke
Can be used to isolate exposure
NPV(negative pressure)
Establish opening opposite fan
Opening sealed around fan
Vertical Ventilation
Minimize personnel on roof
Close to or directly over the fire
Consider trench cut to isolate fire
No water flow down ventilation holes
No operation on Spanish tiles that have been exposed to fire conditions
Exhaust all other forms of ventilation prior to roof ventilation on Spanish tile. Benefit must outweigh risk drastically
Objectives of Loss Control
Seek out extinguish all remaining fire
Control Loss
Stabilize the incident scene
Preserve evidence to include contacting prevention services personnel early in the incident
Secure the fire scene in preparation to turn over the proper authority
What should be addressed during overhaul operations?
Insure overhaul is conducted safely
Insure all fire is extinguished
During rehab breaks of fire crews, insure at least 2 firefighters remain in the fire area to detect any possible hidden fire and re-ignition
Use early and continuing positive pressure ventilation to maintain an acceptable working environment and reduce loss. (Use caution with PPV fans gas powered, can introduce CO into buildings at high levels)
Meet with the property owner or occupant concerning overhaul operations
Closely coordinate overhaul with fire investigators
______ and ______ should be primary concerns when performing overhaul operations
Replacement price, value
When appropriate turn off the ______ system in the building during overhaul.
Ventilation
How to prevent water damage
Use foam so less water is needed
Be accurate with stream during attack
Block up legs of wooden furniture during salvage and over haul
Cover furniture
Punch holes in gypsum to drain attic if needed
Commercial Dumpster
Metal dumpsters 1-8 cubic yards in size
Residential dumpster
96 gallon trash container made of heavy plastic
Roll off dumpster
Large open top metal dumpster 10-30 cubic yards
Refuse
Disposed of products with no value as it pertains to the risk/benefit model
Response type to dumpster fires
Code 1 unless life or property is threatened. Use dispatch info to determine if upgrade response is necessary
Dumpster fire PPE
Full PPE including SCBA
If dumpster is attached to compactor unit
Deploy additional crew interior to protect spread into structure
If gas clouds, colored smoke encountered during dumpster fire
Back away, call HMRT for air monitoring and technical assistance
Any substantial fire involving any _____ or _____ or more areas of a passenger vehicle will typically _____ the vehicle beyond repair. Risk/benefit analysis should consider the vehicle a _______ ______.
Compartment, two, damage, total loss
Vehicle fire response size up on dispatch
Highway/ hazardous traffic
Ensure law enforcement
Result of collision
Consider passenger entrapment
Exposures
Structure- upgrade alarm
Vehicles- upgrade alarm
Debris- as needed
Vegetation- as needed
Vehicle fire size up on arrival
Scene elements
Wind direction, topography, traffic, on lookers
Vehicle elements
Open flames, vehicle occupied, vehicle age, location of fire, resource determination
Vehicle fire apparatus placement
Uphill, upwind, out of vehicles path
Use apparatus to protect scene, consider taking additional lanes if needed
PPE for vehicle fire
Full PPE including SCBA shall be worn from fire attack through overhaul
Vehicle Fire Attack
Minimum 1 3/4 diameter hose w/ fog nozzle
Approach diagonally opposite of fire or from front if fully involved
- Knock down body from distance
- Sweep ground under vehicle
- Cool body of vehicle
- Cool fuel tank
- Cool tires
- Cool hood, trunk, and bumper struts
- Cool engine
- NEVER PHYSICALLY ENTER COMPARTMENT
Getting water under hood in vehicle fire
- Pry of cut open
- Only large enough to get water stream in
- Use compartmentation to:
Restrict air
Promote steam conversion
Reduce magnesium splatter
Special considerations for vehicle fires
LPG/LNG tanks Hybrid high voltage Energy absorbing bumpers Batteries Combustible Metals Trunk/Engine struts Fires involving the trunk/cargo area (unknown cargo) Fuel Tanks Vehicle Stability Air Bags
When does the high rise SOG apply?
In buildings 3 stories or greater
1st due engine at High rise
Size up
Special consideration to time of day, access, weather(wind speed, wind direction, and ventilation openings)
Establish command and implement ICS
Secure water supply and supply the standpipe system or deploy hose lines for interior operations
Evaluate and request additional resources if needed
Establish civilian exit corridors and firefighting ingress/egress corridors
Attempt to verify actual fire extend and location
1st due truck at high rise fire
Size up and determine need for aerial placement
Position apparatus outside of collapse zone if possible
Coordinate with interior crews if established
Rescue occupants in immediate danger ( consider shelter in place if appropriate)
Ventilation
2nd due engine high rise
Secure second water source and support sprinkler system if appropriate
2nd due truck company
Determine need for aerial placement (outside of collapse zone)
High rise support (later companies)
RIC Safety Additional lines Rehab and staging (two floors down) Evac control and accountability Ventilation Loss control Additional manpower
Only person on scene that can work independently. ( not two man team)
Incident safety officer
Failure to present a _______ will result in personnel being denied _____ to, or being ______ from, incident operations until such is presented.
PASSPORT, entry, removed
When should IC call for PAR
At any strategy change
At regular timed intervals no greater than 20 minutes
At benchmarks, may be varied dependent on proximity of benchmarks to each other
When emergency or mayday traffic is initiated
For any sudden hazardous or catastrophic event
If there is a discrepancy of personnel number during PAR…
A recount of that assignment will be requested
If recount of par verifies discrepancy….
Names will be given to identify missing person
Once a specific name is identified…
If no response….
A par directly to that person will be requested.
IC shall immediately initiate actions to search for and rescue missing firefighter
The results of _____ shall be communities to _____ _____ for logging purposes.
PAR, Central Dispatch
First arriving company at MVA
Officer Duties
Give BIR Assume command Conduct outer circle survey Hazard assessment Pt. Assessment Needs assessment Assign incoming resources as need Based on EMS licensure may be assigned pt care as needed Refer to MCI protocol if 5 or more pt.
First Arriving Company MVA
Driver/Operator Duties
Position apparatus to protect scene and firefighters and allow access to equipment
If extrication is required, move equipment to staging area
Based on EMS licensure, may be assigned to PT care
Provide CAN to command
If level 3 pt identified, set up salvage cover as designated safe location
First arriving company MVA
Hydrant/Vent Duties
Inner circle on first vehicle
Hazard assessment
Patient assessment
Needs assessment
Provide can to command
First arriving company to MVA
Nozzle/Irons
Inner circle on second vehicle
Hazard assessment
Pt assessment
Needs assessment
If only one vehicle wait and assist as need
Provide can to command
At MVA, if level 3 pt under 18 yoa
Assign at least 1 person to assure they remain in safe location while higher level care/extrication is occurring. Law enforcement is first preference for this task.
What is relayed to Chief officer on arrival to MVA?
How many pt in each vehicle and total number of pt.
Level of injuries and count of each
Which vehicles have pt
Needs
Plan, IAP
PPE need for extrication
Full PPE, no SCBA, goggles
Fire potential at MVA
1 3/4 line deployed, manned. D/O at pump.
If no fire danger present, fire extinguisher placed in tool staging area
Safety Vest usage at MVA
Must be worn unless actively fighting fire. Once firefight is complete, vests are donned.
Ambulance crew personnel at MVA
Not to enter vehicle unless PPE donned and IC permission granted.
What groups can or should be initiated if needed at MVA
Extrication Group Hazard/ Fire control group Triage/ Treatment group Transport group Helicopter LZ group Police group
1st arriving unit at Active shooter/ hostile incident
Identify staging for all incoming units. Monitor PD radio while responding
Later arriving units at Active shooter/hostile incident
Later units will report to staging. Treatment supervisor will be assigned.
Squad shall be available primarily for transport
What does an RTF team consist of?
2 law enforcement officers
2-4 firefighters
Examples of situations that require investigator call out
- Any incident involving explosive or incendiary device regardless of dollar loss
- Undetermined cause or suspicious origin
- Loss of life or serious life threatening injuries. I.e. smoke inhalation, burns
- Any accidental fire that results in either structural, content, or combined damage of 10000 dollars or more
- Brush and dumpster fires were specific suspect information is available
- Numerous fires reported at same location
- Photographs needed to document scene
- Known that insurance companies will be involved or claims will by filed by owner
Estimated property damage by floor area
- 00 per sqft in burned floor area
- 00 per sqft for property contents located in burned floor area
- 00 per sqft for smoke damage throughout structure.
