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[ MT631 ] Principles of Medical Technology Practice 1 > 2.0. Clinical Laboratory Part 1 > Flashcards

2.0. Clinical Laboratory Part 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Clinical Laboratory

A
  • Collected, processed, examined or analyzed
  • Prevention, diagnosis (end-point) & treatment
  • Laboratory facility, consisting of medical technologists, medical technicians and pathologists
  • Where specimens can be found (whole blood, serum, plasma, urine, stool, and other bodily fluids) from the human body
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2
Q

Characteristics of Hospital

A 
Hospital
Department / Departmentalized
District hospital
Specialized Hospital
Teaching Hospitals
Clinic
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3
Q

Hospital

A

Health facility for diagnosis, treatment and care of individuals from illness, disease, injury of deformity or in need of obstetrical or other medical and nursing care

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4
Q

Department / Departmentalized

A
  • Administrative units in hospital with clearly articulated mission that include education, research and clinical service in the field of medicine
  • Each clinical department shall meet the membership requirements concerned specialty/subspecialty society recognized by the PMA
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5
Q

District Hospital

A
  • Major health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds for intensive care and long-term care, and specialized facilities for surgery, plastic surgery, childbirth, bioassay, laboratory and so forth
  • Novaliches District Hospital (Quezon City, Metro Manila)
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6
Q

Specialized Hospital

A
  • Include trauma center, rehabilitation, childrens’ hospitals, seniors’ hospitals, etc.
  • Philippine Heart Center (Quezon City, Metro Manila)
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7
Q

Teaching Hospitals

A
  • Combines assistance to patients with teaching to medical students and nurses and often is linked to a medical school, nursing school or university
  • Philippine General Hospital (Taft Avenue, Metro Manila)
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8
Q

Clinic

A
  • Medical facility smaller than a hospital

- Manila Genitourinary Clinic (Silang, Cavite)

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9
Q

Hospital Organogram

A

Hierarchical hospital organizational chart is used to map and track those departments

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10
Q

Classification of Hospitals According to Ownership

A

GOVERNMENT

  • Operated and maintained by national government or local government unit or any other political unit
  • Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center, Manila, Metro Manila

PRIVATE

  • Owned and operated by a private individual, corporation ,association or organization
  • Asian Hospital and Medical Center, Muntinlupa, Metro Manila)
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11
Q

Classification of Hospitals According to the Scope of Services

A

GENERAL

  • Provide medical and surgical care to the sick and injured and maternity care
  • Equipped with medical specialists and licensed physicians such as:
    (1) Clinical services
    (2) Family Medicine
    (3) Pediatrics
    (4) Internal Medicine
    (5) Obstetrics and Gynecology
    (6) Surgery
  • Emergency services
  • OPD (Out-patient Department)
  • Ancillary and support services such as clinical lab, imaging facility and pharmacy

SPECIALTY

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12
Q

Classification of Hospitals According to Functional Capacity (General Hospital)

A

LEVEL 1
- OR Post Operating Procedure, Maternity facility, Isolation facilities, dental unit, blood station, radiology facilities, Pharmacy

LEVEL 2
- Family Medicine, OB-GYN, Surgery, Ancillary Services, ICU, NICU, HRPU, Respiratory therapy, Licensed tertiary laboratory, Imaging facility

LEVEL 3
- Training hospital, specialized in Medicine, pedia OB-GYN, Surgery, Departmentalized and clinical services with ER, Physical Rehab, Ambulatory Surgical Clinic, Dialysis, Blood Bank

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13
Q

Classification of Hospitals According to Specialty Hospital

A

SPECIALTY

  • May be devoted to treatment of any of the following:
    (1) Treatment of Particular type of illness
    (2) Treatment of Particular Organ
    (3) Treatment of Patients belonging to a particular group such as children, women, elderly and others
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14
Q

Classification of Hospitals According to Trauma Capability of Hospitals

A

TRAUMA-CAPABLE FACILITY
- All level 3 General Hospital shall be trauma capable

TRAUMA-RECEIVING FACILITY
- Receives trauma patients for transport to the care of a trauma center

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15
Q

Classification of Other Health Facilities According to Category A: Primary Care Facility

A
  • First contact healthcare facility that offers basic service and provision for normal deliveries

Subdivided into:
IN-PATIENT
- 3 days stay
- Infirmary, Home Birthing

WIHTOUT BEDS

  • Where medicine, medical, or dental treatment dispersed
  • Medical Out- Patient clinic, Medical Facility overseas workers and seafarers
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16
Q

Classification of Other Health Facilities According to Category B: Custodial Care Facility

A
  • Provides long term care, including basic human services like food, shelter to patients with chronic or mental illness, rehabilitation owing substance, and reduces degree of independence in daily activities
  • Custodial psychiatric care facility, Drug abuse treatment & rehab Sanitarium and Leporasium, Nursing Home
17
Q

Classification of Other Health Facilities According to Category C: Diagnostic Facility

A
  • Examines the human body or specimen for diagnosis and treatment of disease
  • Covers the pre-analytical and post-analytical phases

LABORATORY FACILITY

  • Clinical Laboratory
  • HIV testing lab
  • Blood Service Facility
  • Drug testLab
  • Newborn Screening lab
  • Laboratory for drinking water analysis

RADIOLOGIC FACILITY

NUCLEAR MEDICINE

18
Q

Classification of Other Health Facilities According to Category D: Specialized Out-Patient Facility

A
  • With highly competent and trained staff that performs highly specialized procedures on an out-patient basis
  • Dialysis Clinic, Ambulatory Surgical Clinic, In-vitro fertilization, Oncology chemotherapy, center/clinic, Stem cell Facility
19
Q

Classification of Clinical Laboratory Based on Ownership

A

GOVERNMENT
- Army General Hospital Molecular Laboratory, Taguig City, Metro Manila

PRIVATE
- LCM Diagnostics

20
Q

Classification of Clinical Laboratory Based on Function

A

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

  • Clinical chemistry
  • Hematology
  • Microbiology
  • Clinical microscopy
  • Immunology
  • Molecular biology
  • Immunohematology
  • Cytogenetics
  • Endocrinology
  • Toxicology
  • Therapeutic drug monitoring

ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY

  • Surgical pathology
  • Immunohistopathology
  • Cytology
  • Autopsy
  • Forensic pathology
  • Molecular pathology
21
Q

Classification of Clinical Laboratory Based on Institutional Character

A

INSTITUTION BASED

  • Laboratory that operates with the premises and as part of an institution
  • Medical clinic, choool, medical facility

FREE STANDING
- Laboratory that does not form part of any institution

22
Q

Classification of Clinical Laboratory Based by Service Capability: General Clinic Lab

A

PRIMARY CATEGORY

  • Provides the following minimum service capabilities
    (1) Routine hematology
    (2) Qualitative platelet
    (3) Routine urinalysis
    (4) Routine fecalysis
    (5) Blood typing (for hospital based)
  • Minimum of 10 sqm in floor are

SECONDARY CATEOGRY

  • Provides service capabilities of a secondary lab plus the ff:
    (1) Routine clinical chem
    (2) Quantitative platelet determination
    (3) Cross matching (hosp based)
    (4) Gram Staining (hosp based)
    (5) KOH (hosp base)
  • Minimum of 20 sqm in floor area

TERTIARY CATEGORY

  • Provides minimum service capabilities of a secondary lab plus the ff:
    (1) Special chemistry
    (2) Special hematology, Coagulation
    (3) Immunology
    (4) Microbiology – Culture and Sensitivity
  • Minimum of 60 sqm in floor area

LIMITED SERVICE CAPABILITY

  • Provides the lab tests required for a particular service in institution such as but not limited to dialysis centers and social hygiene clinics
    (1) Dialysis Centers
    (2) Social Hygiene Clinics
23
Q

Classification of Clinical Laboratory Based by Service Capability: Special Clinical Laboratory

A
  • Laboratory that offers highly specialized lab services that are usually not provided by a general clinical laboratory
    (1) Assisted Reproduction Technology Laboratory
    (2) Molecular and Cellular Technology
    (3) Molecular Pathology, Forensic Pathology, and (4) Anatomic Laboratory
24
Q

National Reference Library

A
  • Confirmatory Testing
  • Surveillance
  • Resolution of Conflicting Results
  • Training and Research
  • Evaluation of Diagnostic Kits and Reagents
25
Q

Satellite Testing Sites

A
  • Testing site owned by a licensed laboratory but situated in a location some distance from the main laboratory
  • Collects specimen and process specimens and bring into main lab
26
Q

Mobile Clinical Laboratories

A
  • Laboratory testing unit
  • Moves from one testing site to another testing site
  • Has a temporary testing location
  • Shall have a base laboratory
  • Permitted to collect specimen only
  • Operate within a 100-km radius from its main lab
  • Regulated by DOH and permitted to collect specimens only
  • Cannot be too far from main lab
  • Hi-Precision, Mayon Clinical
27
Q

Laboratory Section: Specimen Processing

A

Under pre analytical phase

28
Q

Laboratory Section: Hematology Section

A
  • Study blood by using Hematology analyzer (automated)

- Can also be studied by using glass slides under the microscope

29
Q

Laboratory Section: Coagulation Section

A

Analyzer is most often used

30
Q

Laboratory Section: Clinical Microscopy

A

Example is urine exams examined through the naked eye first

31
Q

Laboratory Section: Parasitology

A

Example stool exams are study and check for parasites

32
Q

Laboratory Section: Clinical Chemistry

A
  • Patient’s presence of chemical analytes or analytes of interest
  • Now more practical to use automated analyzer
33
Q

Laboratory Section: Clinical Microbiology

A
  • Using specialized equipment we study bacteria present in particular specimen
  • Chemical reaction is recorded, then we identify or isolate bacteria present
34
Q

Laboratory Section: Immunology / Serology Section

A

Rapid tests, automated analyzer

35
Q

Serology Tests

A 
PREGNANCY TESTS – detects B-HCG
DENGUE TEST
HBSAG – for hepatitis
BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION TEST
(1) Widal test - Typhoid fever
(2) Weil-Felix – non specific test for typhus fever
36
Q

Laboratory Section: Immunohematology / Blood Bank

A

Blood typing, cross matching, transfusion

37
Q

Laboratory Section: Histopathology / Cytopathology

A

Using microtongs and slice the tissue to process it by using diff types of stains

[ MT631 ] Principles of Medical Technology Practice 1 (4 decks)

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