20 cards Flashcards
empirical antibiotic regimen of choice for pyelonephritis.
Intravenous ampicillin plus intravenous gentamicin
Most common urinary malignancy
Bladder transitional cell carcinoma/ TCC/UC/ urothelial carcinoma
First line treatment of superficial urothelial carcinoma
Transurethral resection which allows for histopathological grading
Management of low grade, non muslce invasive TCC of the bladder
Repeat cystoscopy in 3 mo
Management of recurrent, high grade superficial urothelial cancer
Single dose of intravesical mitomycin or epirubicin - administered in theatre with cytotoxic precautions
Management of muscle invasive urothelial cancer
Radical cystectomy
Treatment for urinary clot retention
- Catheter irrigation
- Manual bladder washout
- Cystoscopy and clot evacuation
Inital investigation for painless hematuria
CT
Gleason score
Gleason score is a pathological measure of the degree of mutation in prostate cancer. The Gleason score consists of a primary + secondary grade. Grading is based on architectural features of the tissue biopsy ranging from a score of 1 (well differentiated) to 5 (poorly differentiated). The primary grade indicates the most prevalent architectural pattern, and the secondary grade indicates the next most prevalent architectural pattern (eg. 4+3).
What features of varicocele should prompt further investigation
unilateral/right-sided varicocele should raise suspicion for a retroperitoneal obstructing mass in the abdomen and should trigger further investigation.
What type of metabolic abnormality does Addison’s disease most commonly cause
normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia
What type of metabolic abnormality does alcohol posioning cause
Raised anion gap metabolic acidosis
What type of metabolic abnormality does hypoxia cause
raised AG metabolic acidosis
What type of metabolic abnormality does shock most commonly cause?
raised AG metabolic acidosis
EGFR 30-44 ml/min, a moderate reduction in kidney function
CKD stage 3b
Greater than 90 ml/min, with some sign of kidney damage on other tests (if all the kidney tests* are normal, there is no CKD)
CKD stage 1
egfr 60-90 ml/min with some sign of kidney damage (if kidney tests* are normal, there is no CKD)
CKD stage 2
egfr 45-59 ml/min, a moderate reduction in kidney function
CKD stage 3a
Egfr 15-29 ml/min, a severe reduction in kidney function
CKD stage 4
EGFR Less than 15 ml/min, established kidney failure - dialysis or a kidney transplant may be needed
CKD stage 5
What medication should be started in patients with albumin to creatinine ratio of >30 mg/mmol
ACE i
Most common form of prostate cancer
Adenocarcinoma
At which EGFR level does anaemia in CKD become apparent
GFR less than 35 ml/min, other causes of anaemia should be considered in GFR is >60 ml/min
Presentation of post streptococcal GN
Hematuria, proteinuria/edema, HTN and oliguria
